Kanola Yağı İçeren Yemlerle Beslenen Avrupa Deniz Levreği (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)’nin Sindirim Kanalı Boşaltım Süresinin Belirlenmesi

Hatice Asuman Yılmaz

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.648079

Araştırma Makalesi

Kanola Yağı İçeren Yemlerle Beslenen Avrupa Deniz Levreği (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)’nin Sindirim Kanalı Boşaltım Süresinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2020, , 663 - 670, 30.06.2020

Hatice Asuman Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.648079

Öz

Bu
çalışmada Avrupa deniz levreği (Dicentrarchus
labrax) yemlerinde kullanılan, balık yağına ikame olarak, üç farklı oranda
(0, 50 ve 100) kanola yağı (Kanola, K) içeren yemlerle (20.4 g) 10 hafta
boyunca vücut ağırlıklarının %2’si olacak şekilde beslenmiştir. Besleme
denemesinden sonra, her tanka (500 L) 20 adet levrek (78.6 ± 3.58 gram) üç
tekerrürlü olarak stoklanmıştır. Sindirim kanalının boşaltım süresinin
belirlenmesi için, örneklemeden önce bireyler 72 saat aç bırakılarak sindirim
sisteminin tamamen boşaltılması sağlanmıştır. Örnekleme başlamadan önce tüm
balıklar tek öğün “ad libitum” olarak beslenmiştir. Her deneme grubundan 0.,
8., 16., 24., 32. ve 48. saatlerde tesadüfi olarak 9 adet balık örneklenmiş ve
sindirim kanalında mide, ön bağırsak ve son bağırsak olmak üzere üç farklı
bölgede kalan yemler tespit edilmiştir. Mide, ön bağırsak ve bağırsaklardaki en
kısa boşaltım sürelerinin sırasıyla 32.2; 60.9 ve 50.4 saat ile K0 grubunda (%0
kanola yağı) olduğu bulunmuştur, en uzun sürenin ise sırasıyla 41.9; 101.3 ve
70.2 saat ile K100 (%100 kanola yağı) grubunda olduğu belirlenmiştir (P<0.05).
Deneme sonunda ulaşılan veriler, yem içerisinde balık yağına ikame olarak
kullanılan kanola yağı oranın artması ile boşaltım sürelerinin doğrusal olarak
tüm sindirim sisteminde uzadığını ve levrek yemlerinde bu yağın yem
formülasyonlarında yüksek oranlarda kullanımını sınırlandıracağını
göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternatif yağ kaynakları, Kanola yağı, Mide boşaltım süresi, Sindirilebilirlik

Teşekkür

Çalışmada emeği geçen Çukurova Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Yetiştiricilik Bölüm öğretim üye ve elemanlarına teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

Adamidou, S., Nengas, I., Alexıs, M., Foundoulaki, E., Nikolopoulou, D., Campbell, P.,Karacostas, I., Rigos, G., Bell, G.J., Jauncey, K. 2009. Apparent nutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation time in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets containing different levels of legumes. Aquaculture 289, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.015
Bell, J.G., Koppe, W., 2010. Lipids in Aquafeeds. In: Fish oil replacement and alternative lipid sources in aquaculture feeds (G.M. Turchini, W.K. Ng, D. Tocher, eds.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 21-60.
Bonvini, E., Bonaldo, A., Parma, L., Mandrioli, L., Sirri, R., Grandi, M., Gatta, P. P. 2018. Feeding European sea bass with increasing dietary fibre levels: Impact on growth, blood biochemistry, gut histology, gut evacuation. Aquaculture, 494, 1-9.
Bromley, P.J. 1994. The role of gastric evacuation experiments in quantifying the feeding rates of predatory fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish 4, 36–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043260
Dias, J., Huelvan, C., Dinis, M. T., Métailler, R. 1998. Influence of dietary bulk agents (silica, cellulose and a natural zeolite) on protein digestibility, growth, feed intake and feed transit time in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquat.Living Resour. 11, 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(98)89004-9
Das, S. K., Mazlan, A. G., Bakar, Y., Brito, M. F., Mastura, S. S., Temple, S. E. 2014. X-radiographic observations of food passage and nutrient absorption along the alimentary tract of archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix. Bull. Mar. Sci. 90, 903–919. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2013.1073
Eroldoğan, O.T., Turchini, G.M., Yılmaz, A.H., Taşbozan, O., Engin, K., Ölçülü, A., Özşahinoğlu, I., Mumoğullarında, P., 2012. Potential of cottonseed oils fish oil replacer in European sea bass feed formulation. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 12, 787–797.
Eroldoğan, O.T., Yılmaz, A.H., Turchini, G.M., Arslan, M., Sirkecioğlu, N.A., Engin, K., Özşahinoğlu, I., Mumoğullarında, P., 2013. Fatty acid metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): effects of n−6 PUFA and MUFA in fish oil replaced diets. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 39, 941–955.
Elliott, J.M. 1972. Rates of gastric evacuation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Freshw. Biol.2, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb01575.x
Finstad, A. G. 2005. Effects of sampling interval and temperature on the accuracy of food consumption estimates from stomach contents. J. Fish Biol. 66, 33– 44.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00577.x
Francis D. S., Turchini G. M., Jones P. L., & De Silva S. S. 2006. Effects of dietary oil source on growth and fillet fatty acid composition of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii. Aquaculture 253 (1–4), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.08.008
Francis, D. S., Turchini, G. M., Jones, P. L., De Silva, S. S. 2007. Effects of fish oil substitution with a mix blend vegetable oil on nutrient digestibility in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii. Aquaculture, 269(1-4), 447-455.
Fountoulaki ., E. , Alexis., M. N. , Nengas, I., Venou., B. 2005. Effect of diet composition on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme levels of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) Aquaculture Research ., 26, 1243-1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01232.x
García-Meilán, B., Ordóñez-Grande, M. A. 2014. Meal timing affects protein-sparing effect by carbohydrates in sea bream: effects on digestive and absorptive processes. Aquaculture, 434, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.08.005
Gunstone, F.D., 2010. The world's oils and fats. In: Turchini, G.M., Ng, W.K., & Tocher, D.R. (Eds.), Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds. CPC Press, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, pp. 61–89.
Grove, D.J., Lozoıdes, L., Nott, J. 1978. Satitation amount, frequency of feding and gastric emptying rate in Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish Biol. 16, 235- 247. Grove, D.J., Crawford, C., 1980. Correlation between digestion rate and feding frequency in the stomachless teleosts. Blennius pholis L. J. Fish Biol. 16, 235-247.
Hidalgo, M.C., Urea, E., Sanz, A., 1999. Comparative study of digestive enzymes in fish with different nutritional habits: proteolytic and amylase activities. Aquaculture 170, 267–283.
Hofer, R., Forstner, H., Rettenwander, R., 1982. Duration of gut passage and its dependence on temperature and food consumption in roach, Rutilus rutilus L.: laboratory and field experiments. J. Fish Biol. 20: 289–299.
Holmgren, S., Grove, D.J., Fletcher, D.J., 1983. Digestion and control of gastrointestinal motility. In: Rankin, J.C., Pitcher, T.J., Dugan, R.T. (Eds.), Control Processes in Fish Physiology. Wiley, New York, NY, USA, pp. 23– 40.
Izquierdo, M. S., Obach, A., Arantzamendi, L., Montero, D., Robaina, L., Rosenlund, G. 2003. Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 397-407.
Jobling, M. 1981. Mathematical models of gastric emptying and the estimation of daily rates of food consumption for fish. J. Fish Biol. 19, 245– 257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1981.tb05829.x
Jobling, M. 1987. Influences of food particle size and dietary energy content on patterns of gastric evacuation in fish: test of a physiological model of gastric emptying. J. Fish Biol. 30, 299– 314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05754.x
Mylonas, C. C., Cardinaletti, G., Sigelaki, I., Polzonetti-Magni, A. 2005. Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 246 (1-4), 467-481.
Miyasaka H., Kawaguchiy., G., Yoshino K., Ohnishi H., Kuhara N., Shibata Y., Tamate T., Taniguchi H., Urabe H., Nakano S. 2005. Thermal changes in the gastric evacuation rate of the fresh water sculpin Cottus nozawae Snyder. Limnology 6,169-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-005-0158-5
Nikolopoulou D., Moutou K. A., Fountoulaki E., Venou B., Adamidou S., Alexis M. N. 2011. Patterns of gastric evacuation, digesta characteristics and pH changes along the gastrointestinal tract of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 158, 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.021
Nikzad, H.M., Khara, H., Yazdani Sadati, M.A., Parandavar, H., 2012. Effects of dietary fish oil substitution with mixed vegetable oils on growth and fillet fatty acid composition of juvenile Caspian great sturgeon (Huso huso). Aquac. Int. 21, 143–155.
Tocher, D. R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11, 2, 107-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610925Pérez-Casanova, J., Lall, S. P., Gamperl, A. K., 2009. Effect of feed composition and temperature on food consumption, growth and gastric evacuation on juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.). Aquaculture 294, 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.005
Persson, L., 1981. The effects of temperature and meal size on the rate of gastric evacuation in perch (Perca fluviatilis) fed on fish larvae. Freshw. Biol., 11:131–138. Riche, M., Haley, D. I., Oetker, M., Garbrecht, S., Garling, D. L., 2004. Effect of feding frequency on gastric evacuation and return of appetite in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture 234, 657-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.012
Santulli A., Modica A., Cusenza L., Curatoloa., D. 1993. Effects of temperatura on gastric evacuation rateand absorption and transport of dietary lipids in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology105A,363-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(93)90222-P
Storebakken, T., Kvıen, I.S., Shearer, K.D., Grısdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., 1999. Estimation of gastrointestinal evacuation rate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using inert markers and collection of faeces by sieving: evacuation of diets with fish meal, soybean meal or bacterial meal. Aquaculture 172, 291–299.
Temming A., Herrmann J.-P. 2001. Gastric evacuation in horse mackerel. I. The effects of meal size, temperature and predator weight. Journal of Fish Biology 58, 1230-1245.
Xu, S., Wang, S., Zhang, L., You, C., Li, Y., 2012. Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with soybean oil on growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition in marine herbivorous teleost Siganus canaliculatus. Aquac. Res. 43, 1276–1286.
Venou, B., Alexis, M.N., Fountoulaki, E., Nengas, I., Apostolopoulou, M., Castritsi-Cathariou, I., 2003. Effect of extrusion of wheat and corn on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) growth, nutrient utilization efficiency, rates of gastric evacuation and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture 225, 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00290-4
Vinagre C., Maia A., Cabral., H. N. 2007. Effect of temperature and salinity on the gastric evacuation of juvenile sole Solea solea and Solea senegalensis. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23, 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00852.x
Windell, J.T., Hubbard, J.T., Horak, D.L., 1972. Rate of gastric evacuation in rainbow trout fed three pelleted diets. Prog. Fish-Cult. 34, 156-159.
Yılmaz, H.A., Eroldoğan, O.T., 2015. Effects of fish oil substitution with two different vegetable oil classes on fatty acid digestibility in juvenile European Sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 15, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/ 1303-2712-v15-1-01.

Determination of Gastric Evacuation Time for European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) with Feeds Containing Canola Oil

Yıl 2020, , 663 - 670, 30.06.2020

Hatice Asuman Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.648079

Öz

2%BW for
10 weeks with three different diets containing 0, 50 and 100 of canola oil
(Canola, K), as replacement to fish oil. For this purpose, 20 sea bass (78.6±
3.58 grams) (500 L) were stocked in each tank in triplicate. For the
determination of the GET, the individual was left fasted for 72 hours before
sampling to ensure complete digestion of the digestive tract. Apart from these
fasting periods, the individuals were fed "ad libitum". Nine fish
were randomly sampled at 0., 8., 16., 24., 32. and 48. hours from each
experimental group and the digestive tract were examined in three different
sections: the stomach, the anterior and the posterior intestine. The shortest
gastric evacuation time (GET) in the stomach, anterior and posterior intestines
were found as 32.2, 60.9 and 50.4 h in K0 (0%K) group, while longest as 41.9,
101.3 and 70.2 h in 100-group, respectively. Final data showed that the
increase of the ratio of canola used as a substitute to fish oil in the feed,
GET was linearly extended in the whole digestive system and this will limit the
use of this plant oil source in feed formulations at high rates.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alternative oil, Canola oil, Gastric evacuation time, Digestility

Kaynakça

Adamidou, S., Nengas, I., Alexıs, M., Foundoulaki, E., Nikolopoulou, D., Campbell, P.,Karacostas, I., Rigos, G., Bell, G.J., Jauncey, K. 2009. Apparent nutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal evacuation time in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed diets containing different levels of legumes. Aquaculture 289, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.01.015
Bell, J.G., Koppe, W., 2010. Lipids in Aquafeeds. In: Fish oil replacement and alternative lipid sources in aquaculture feeds (G.M. Turchini, W.K. Ng, D. Tocher, eds.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, pp 21-60.
Bonvini, E., Bonaldo, A., Parma, L., Mandrioli, L., Sirri, R., Grandi, M., Gatta, P. P. 2018. Feeding European sea bass with increasing dietary fibre levels: Impact on growth, blood biochemistry, gut histology, gut evacuation. Aquaculture, 494, 1-9.
Bromley, P.J. 1994. The role of gastric evacuation experiments in quantifying the feeding rates of predatory fish. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish 4, 36–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00043260
Dias, J., Huelvan, C., Dinis, M. T., Métailler, R. 1998. Influence of dietary bulk agents (silica, cellulose and a natural zeolite) on protein digestibility, growth, feed intake and feed transit time in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquat.Living Resour. 11, 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(98)89004-9
Das, S. K., Mazlan, A. G., Bakar, Y., Brito, M. F., Mastura, S. S., Temple, S. E. 2014. X-radiographic observations of food passage and nutrient absorption along the alimentary tract of archerfish, Toxotes jaculatrix. Bull. Mar. Sci. 90, 903–919. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2013.1073
Eroldoğan, O.T., Turchini, G.M., Yılmaz, A.H., Taşbozan, O., Engin, K., Ölçülü, A., Özşahinoğlu, I., Mumoğullarında, P., 2012. Potential of cottonseed oils fish oil replacer in European sea bass feed formulation. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 12, 787–797.
Eroldoğan, O.T., Yılmaz, A.H., Turchini, G.M., Arslan, M., Sirkecioğlu, N.A., Engin, K., Özşahinoğlu, I., Mumoğullarında, P., 2013. Fatty acid metabolism in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): effects of n−6 PUFA and MUFA in fish oil replaced diets. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 39, 941–955.
Elliott, J.M. 1972. Rates of gastric evacuation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Freshw. Biol.2, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb01575.x
Finstad, A. G. 2005. Effects of sampling interval and temperature on the accuracy of food consumption estimates from stomach contents. J. Fish Biol. 66, 33– 44.  https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00577.x
Francis D. S., Turchini G. M., Jones P. L., & De Silva S. S. 2006. Effects of dietary oil source on growth and fillet fatty acid composition of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii. Aquaculture 253 (1–4), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.08.008
Francis, D. S., Turchini, G. M., Jones, P. L., De Silva, S. S. 2007. Effects of fish oil substitution with a mix blend vegetable oil on nutrient digestibility in Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii. Aquaculture, 269(1-4), 447-455.
Fountoulaki ., E. , Alexis., M. N. , Nengas, I., Venou., B. 2005. Effect of diet composition on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme levels of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) Aquaculture Research ., 26, 1243-1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01232.x
García-Meilán, B., Ordóñez-Grande, M. A. 2014. Meal timing affects protein-sparing effect by carbohydrates in sea bream: effects on digestive and absorptive processes. Aquaculture, 434, 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.08.005
Gunstone, F.D., 2010. The world's oils and fats. In: Turchini, G.M., Ng, W.K., & Tocher, D.R. (Eds.), Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds. CPC Press, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, pp. 61–89.
Grove, D.J., Lozoıdes, L., Nott, J. 1978. Satitation amount, frequency of feding and gastric emptying rate in Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish Biol. 16, 235- 247. Grove, D.J., Crawford, C., 1980. Correlation between digestion rate and feding frequency in the stomachless teleosts. Blennius pholis L. J. Fish Biol. 16, 235-247.
Hidalgo, M.C., Urea, E., Sanz, A., 1999. Comparative study of digestive enzymes in fish with different nutritional habits: proteolytic and amylase activities. Aquaculture 170, 267–283.
Hofer, R., Forstner, H., Rettenwander, R., 1982. Duration of gut passage and its dependence on temperature and food consumption in roach, Rutilus rutilus L.: laboratory and field experiments. J. Fish Biol. 20: 289–299.
Holmgren, S., Grove, D.J., Fletcher, D.J., 1983. Digestion and control of gastrointestinal motility. In: Rankin, J.C., Pitcher, T.J., Dugan, R.T. (Eds.), Control Processes in Fish Physiology. Wiley, New York, NY, USA, pp. 23– 40.
Izquierdo, M. S., Obach, A., Arantzamendi, L., Montero, D., Robaina, L., Rosenlund, G. 2003. Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 397-407.
Jobling, M. 1981. Mathematical models of gastric emptying and the estimation of daily rates of food consumption for fish. J. Fish Biol. 19, 245– 257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1981.tb05829.x
Jobling, M. 1987. Influences of food particle size and dietary energy content on patterns of gastric evacuation in fish: test of a physiological model of gastric emptying. J. Fish Biol. 30, 299– 314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05754.x
Mylonas, C. C., Cardinaletti, G., Sigelaki, I., Polzonetti-Magni, A. 2005. Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 246 (1-4), 467-481.
Miyasaka H., Kawaguchiy., G., Yoshino K., Ohnishi H., Kuhara N., Shibata Y., Tamate T., Taniguchi H., Urabe H., Nakano S. 2005. Thermal changes in the gastric evacuation rate of the fresh water sculpin Cottus nozawae Snyder. Limnology 6,169-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-005-0158-5
Nikolopoulou D., Moutou K. A., Fountoulaki E., Venou B., Adamidou S., Alexis M. N. 2011. Patterns of gastric evacuation, digesta characteristics and pH changes along the gastrointestinal tract of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 158, 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.11.021
Nikzad, H.M., Khara, H., Yazdani Sadati, M.A., Parandavar, H., 2012. Effects of dietary fish oil substitution with mixed vegetable oils on growth and fillet fatty acid composition of juvenile Caspian great sturgeon (Huso huso). Aquac. Int. 21, 143–155.
Tocher, D. R. (2003). Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 11, 2, 107-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610925Pérez-Casanova, J., Lall, S. P., Gamperl, A. K., 2009. Effect of feed composition and temperature on food consumption, growth and gastric evacuation on juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus L.). Aquaculture 294, 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.06.005
Persson, L., 1981. The effects of temperature and meal size on the rate of gastric evacuation in perch (Perca fluviatilis) fed on fish larvae. Freshw. Biol., 11:131–138. Riche, M., Haley, D. I., Oetker, M., Garbrecht, S., Garling, D. L., 2004. Effect of feding frequency on gastric evacuation and return of appetite in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture 234, 657-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.012
Santulli A., Modica A., Cusenza L., Curatoloa., D. 1993. Effects of temperatura on gastric evacuation rateand absorption and transport of dietary lipids in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology105A,363-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(93)90222-P
Storebakken, T., Kvıen, I.S., Shearer, K.D., Grısdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J., 1999. Estimation of gastrointestinal evacuation rate in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using inert markers and collection of faeces by sieving: evacuation of diets with fish meal, soybean meal or bacterial meal. Aquaculture 172, 291–299.
Temming A., Herrmann J.-P. 2001. Gastric evacuation in horse mackerel. I. The effects of meal size, temperature and predator weight. Journal of Fish Biology 58, 1230-1245.
Xu, S., Wang, S., Zhang, L., You, C., Li, Y., 2012. Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil with soybean oil on growth performance and tissue fatty acid composition in marine herbivorous teleost Siganus canaliculatus. Aquac. Res. 43, 1276–1286.
Venou, B., Alexis, M.N., Fountoulaki, E., Nengas, I., Apostolopoulou, M., Castritsi-Cathariou, I., 2003. Effect of extrusion of wheat and corn on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) growth, nutrient utilization efficiency, rates of gastric evacuation and digestive enzyme activities. Aquaculture 225, 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00290-4
Vinagre C., Maia A., Cabral., H. N. 2007. Effect of temperature and salinity on the gastric evacuation of juvenile sole Solea solea and Solea senegalensis. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23, 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007.00852.x
Windell, J.T., Hubbard, J.T., Horak, D.L., 1972. Rate of gastric evacuation in rainbow trout fed three pelleted diets. Prog. Fish-Cult. 34, 156-159.
Yılmaz, H.A., Eroldoğan, O.T., 2015. Effects of fish oil substitution with two different vegetable oil classes on fatty acid digestibility in juvenile European Sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 15, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/ 1303-2712-v15-1-01.

Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm	ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar	Hatice Asuman Yılmaz 0000-0001-5627-034X
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi	18 Kasım 2019
Kabul Tarihi	17 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA	Yılmaz, H. A. (2020). Kanola Yağı İçeren Yemlerle Beslenen Avrupa Deniz Levreği (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)’nin Sindirim Kanalı Boşaltım Süresinin Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(3), 663-670. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.648079