Determination of Agro-Morphological Characteristics in Local Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes Collected from Central Anatolia Region

Alim Aydın; Hakan Başak; Ayşe Nur Şavkan; Ramazan Güngör

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1674372

TR EN

İç Anadolu Bölgesinden Toplanan Yerel Domates (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotiplerinde Agro-Morfolojik Özelliklerin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, İç Anadolu bölgesinden toplanmış 116 adet domates genotipinin, agromorfolojik karakterizasyonu ve ilişkilendirilmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Agro-Morfolojik karakterizasyon için UPOV ve IPGRI tarafından belirtilen kriterler dikkate alınarak belirlenen 30 adet özelliğe (18 adet nitel; 12 adet nicel) ait gözlem ve ölçümler yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 116 adet genotipi morfolojik ve kalite özellikleri bakımından değerlendirilmiş ve varyasyon kaynakları temel bileşen analizi (TBA), küme ve korelasyon analizleriyle ortaya konulmuştur. TBA sonuçlarına göre, toplam varyansın %31.4’ünü açıklayan ilk iki bileşen, meyve büyüklüğü ve yapısal özellikler (ortalama meyve ağırlığı, meyve eni, boyu ve lokul sayısı) ile kalite parametreleri (SÇKM, meyve ve et rengi, renk değerleri, meyve sertliği) arasında belirgin ilişkiler ortaya koymuştur. Isı haritasına dayalı küme analizinde genotipler dört ana grupta toplanmış; küçük ve sert meyveli genotipler (Grup 1), güçlü bitki gelişimi ve iri meyvelere sahip ancak düşük şeker içerikli genotipler (Grup 2), yüksek renk yoğunluğu, sertlik ve SÇKM ile en yüksek pazar değerine sahip genotipler (Grup 3) ve yoğun kırmızı renkli fakat düşük sertlik ve çiçek burnu çürüklüğüne yatkın genotipler (Grup 4) olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Korelasyon analizleri ise meyve verimi ile kalite özellikleri arasında belirgin bir denge olduğunu, iri ve çok loküllü meyvelerin daha düşük kuru madde içeriğine sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir. Genel olarak, elde edilen bulgular TBA ve küme analizlerinin domates genotipleri arasındaki farklılıkları net biçimde ortaya koyduğunu ve bu sonuçların hem yüksek pazar değerine sahip genotiplerin seçiminde hem de verim veya kalite odaklı ıslah programlarının yönlendirilmesinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Determination of Agro-Morphological Characteristics in Local Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes Collected from Central Anatolia Region

Abstract

In this study, 116 tomato genotypes collected from the Central Anatolia region were subjected to agro-morphological characterization and association analysis. For agro-morphological characterization, observations and measurements were carried out on 30 traits (18 qualitative and 12 quantitative) determined according to the criteria specified by UPOV and IPGRI. The 116 genotypes were evaluated in terms of morphological and quality traits, and the sources of variation were revealed through Principle Component Analysis (PCA), clustering, and correlation analyses. According to PCA results, the first two components, explaining 31.4% of the total variance, highlighted clear relationships between fruit size and structural traits (average fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, and number of locules) and quality parameters (SSC, fruit and flesh colour, colour values, and fruit firmness). Cluster analysis based on the heat map grouped the genotypes into four main clusters: small and firm-fruited genotypes (Group 1), genotypes with vigorous plant growth and large fruits but low sugar content (Group 2), high-quality genotypes with intense colour, firmness, and high SSC representing the highest market value (Group 3), and genotypes with intense red colour but low firmness and susceptibility to blossom-end rot (Group 4). Correlation analyses revealed a clear trade-off between fruit yield and quality traits, indicating that larger and more locule-rich fruits may have lower dry matter content. Overall, the findings demonstrated that PCA and clustering analyses effectively distinguished the differences among tomato genotypes, and these results provide important contributions both to the selection of genotypes with high market value and to guiding breeding programs focusing on either yield or quality improvement.

Keywords

Thanks

We thank all staff members of the To Geothermal Advanced Greenhouse Technologies and Production Techniques Co-Application and Research Center (JISTUAM) of Kırşehir Ahi Evran University for the technical supports and supplying all facilities during the experiments.

References

Agong, S.G., Schittenhelm, S., & Friedt, W. (2001). Genotypic Variation of Kenyan Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Germplasm. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 123, 61–67. DOI 10.4314/jfta.v6i1.19277.
Ali, A., Hussain, I., Khan, A., Khan, J., ... & Rehman, M.U. (2016). Evaluation of Various Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Cultivars for Quality, Yield and Yield Component Under Agro-Climatic Condition of Peshawar. ARPN Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 11, 59–62. ISSN 1990-6145.
Ali, Q., Erkan, M., & Jan, I. (2017). Morphological and Agronomic Characterization of Tomato Under Field Conditions. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 6(3), 1021-1029. doi:10.19045/bspab.2017.600108.
Aybak HÇ. 2015. Serada ve açık alanda domates yetiştiriciliği. Hasad Yayıncılık, İstanbul. ISBN: 978-975-8377-24-4.
Aydın, A. (2024a). The growth, leaf antioxidant enzymes and amino acid content of tomato as affected by grafting on wild tomato rootstocks 1 (S. pimpinellifolium and S. habrochaites) under salt stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 325, 112679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112679.
Aydin, A. (2024b). Effects of grafting with wild tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum habrochaites) rootstocks on growth and leaf mineral accumulation in salt stress. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology, 65(5), 785-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-024-00607-5.
Aydın, A., & Başak, H. (2024). Morphological and pomological characterization of F2 generation cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants of different fruit types. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 8(4), 932-943. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.4.23.
Aydin, A., & Yetişir, H. (2023). A comparative study of morphological characteristics in diploid and tetraploid (auto and allotetraploids) Citrullus genotypes. Folia Horticulturae, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2023-0003.

Aydın, A., Başak, H., Aydın, H., & Güngör, R. (2024). Characterization of F2 generation tomato plants and marker assisted selection against Tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv). International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 8(3), 618-628. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.3.15.
Bajracharya, J., Steele, K., Jarvis, D., Sthapit, B., Witcombe, J. (2006). Rice Landrace Diversity in Nepal: Variability of Agro-Morphological Traits and SSR Markers in Landraces From A High-Altitude Site. Field Crops Research, 95 (2-3): 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.04.014.
Başak, H., Aydin, A., Aydin, H., & Turan, M. (2025 b). Phytochemical Profile Analysis of Tomato Cultivars Based on Color and Size. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 107992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2025.107992.
Başak, H., Aydin, A., Yetisir, H., & Turan, M. (2025a). Salt Stress Effects On Hybrid Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) Rootstock Candidates Plant Growth, Hormones and Nutrient Content. Journal of Crop Health, 77(1). Doi: 10.1007/s10343-024-01087-4.
Bernousi, I., Emami, A., Tajbakhsh, M., Darvishzadeh, R., Henareh, M. (2011). Studies on Genetic Variability and Correlation Among The Different Traits in Solanum lycopersicum L. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39, 152–158. DOI 10.15835/nbha3915859.
Bhattarai, K., Louws, F.J., Williamson, J.D., Panthee, D.R. (2016). Diversity Analysis of Tomato Genotypes Based on Morphological Traits With Commercial Breeding Significance For Fresh Market Production In Eastern USA. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 10 (8): 1098-1103. DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.08.p7391.
Bhattarai, K., Sharma, S., & Panthee, D.R. (2018). Diversity Among Modern Tomato Genotypes at Different Levels in Fresh‐Market Breeding. International Journal of Agronomy, 2018(1), 4170432. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4170432.
Çukadar, K. (2011). Erzincan İli Domates (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Genotiplerinin Morfolojik Karakterizasyonu (Tez no 284383) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bahçe Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Demir, Ö., & Ünlü, H. (2023). Bazı Beef Tipi Domates Hatlarının Morfolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1):59-65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.54975/isubuzfd.1288727.
Dharmatti, P., Madalgeri, B., Mannikeri, I., Patil, R., Patil, G. (2001). Genetic Divergence Studies in Summer Tomatoes. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14 (2): 407-411.
Fao, 2025. FAO Statistical Database. http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E . (Erişim Tarihi: 22.03.2025).
Figàs, M., Prohens, J., Raigón, M., Fita, A., García-Martínez, M., Casanova, C., … & Soler, S. (2015). Characterization of Composition Traits Related to Organoleptic and Functional Quality for The Differentiation, Selection and Enhancement of Local Varieties of Tomato From Different Cultivar Groups. Food Chemistry, 187, 517-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.083.
Fiorani, F., & Schurr, U. (2013). Future Scenarios for Plant Phenotyping. Annual Review Of Plant Biology, 64(1), 267-291. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120137.
Gerrano, A.S., Adebola, P.O., van Rensburg, W.S.J., Laurie, S.M. (2015). Genetic Variability in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Genotypes. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 32, 165–174. DOI 10.1080/02571862.2015.1014435.
Grozeva, S., Nankar, A.N., Ganeva, D., Tringovska, I., Pasev, G., & Kostova, D. (2020). Characterization of Tomato Accessions for Morphological, Agronomic, Fruit Quality, and Virus Resistance Traits. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 101(4), 476-489. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2020-0030.
Güngör, R., Başak, H., & Aydın, A. (2023). S2 Kademesindeki Domates Genotiplerinin Morfolojik ve Pomolojik Karakterizasyonu. Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 152-163.
Hernández-Villareal, A.E. 2013. Caracterización Morfológica de Recursos Fitogenéticos. Revista BioCiencias: 2(3). https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.02.03.05.
Heuvelink, E., & Körner, O. (2001). Parthenocarpic Fruit Growth Reduces Yield Fluctuation and Blossom-End Rot in Sweet Pepper. Annals of Botany, 88(1), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1427.
Ho, L.C., & White, P.J. (2005). A Cellular Hypothesis for The Induction of Blossom-end Rot in Tomato Fruit. Annals of Botany, 95(4), 571-581. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci065.
Islam, S., Hassan, L., & Hossain, M. (2022). Breeding Potential of Some Exotic Tomato Lines: A Combined Study of Morphological Variability, Genetic Divergence, and Association of Traits. Phyton, 91(1), 97-114. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2022.017251.
Jin, L., Zhao, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, R., Song, L., Xu, L., Cui, X., Li, R., Yu, W., Zhao, T. (2019). Genetic Diversity of Cultivated Tomato Germplasm Resources Using Agronomic Traits and InDel Markers. Euphytica, 215 (4): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-019-2391-8.
Kıymacı, G., Uncu, A.Ö, Türkmen, Ö. (2024). Description of The Phenotypic Characteristics of Some Tomato Genotypes. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 38 (1) 9–26. https://doi.org//selcukjafsci.1299209.
Kouam, E., Dongmo, J., & Djeugap, J. (2018). Exploring Morphological Variation in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): A Combined Study of Disease Resistance, Genetic Divergence and Association of Characters. Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica, 51(2), 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1515/ats-2018-0008.
Marcelis, L.F.M., & Ho, L.C. (1999). Blossom-end Rot in Relation to Growth Rate and Calcium Content in Fruits of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 50(332), 357-363.
Minitab, (2016). Minitab Statistics Software (16.00) for Cluster and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). http://www.minitab.com . Accessed 25 March 25.
Mitul, R., Haque, M., Rima, S., & Begum, S. (2016). Field Performance and Genetic Analysis of Selected Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) Genotypes. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 14(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i1.30593.
Oduor, K.T. (2016). Agro-morphologıcal and Nutrıtıonal Characterızatıon of Tomato Landraces (Lycopersicon species) in Africa. (Doctoral Dissertation), Unıversıty of Nairobi, Kenya.
Oğuz, A. (2010). Bazı Yerel Domates Genotiplerinde Farklı Yöntemler Kullanarak, Domates Lekeli Solgunluk Virüsü (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virüs= TSWV)’ne Dayanıklılığın ve Genetik Varyasyonun Araştırılması [Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusü, Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Öztürk, H. (2022). Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Some Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum l.) Genotypes Collected From Erzincan Province of Turkey. Molecular Biology Reports, 49(7), 7111-7121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07310-7.
Paiva, É.A.S., Figueredo, C.C., & Martinez, H.E.P. (2023). Vascular Tissues Distribution Affects Calcium and Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Fruits of Wild Tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill.). Plants, 12(22), 3893. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12223893.
Peralta, I.E., Knapp, S., & Spooner, D.M. (2005). New Species of Wild Tomatoes (Solanum section Lycopersicon: Solanaceae) From Northern Peru. Systematic Botany, 30(2), 424-434. https://doi.org/10.1600/0363644054223657
Peralta, I.E., Spooner, D.M., & Knapp, S. (2008). Taxonomy of Wild Tomatoes and Their Relatives (Solanum sect. Lycopersicoides, sect. Juglandifolia, sect. Lycopersicon; Solanaceae). Am. Soc. Plant Taxonomists, 2008, pp. 151-160. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25027972.
Rahmadian, F., Yunandra, Y., Zuhry, E., Irfandri, I., Saputra, R., Masruri, N.W., ... & Destiani, E. (2024). Characterization and Genetic Relationship of Several Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes from Various Regions. Jurnal Agronomı Tanaman Tropıka (JUATIKA), 6(2), 208-223.https://doi.org/10.36378/juatika.v6i2.3579.
Rasul, K.S., Grundler, F.M.W. & Abdul-razzak Tahir, N. (2022). Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Assessment of Iraqi Tomato Accessions Using Fruit Characteristics and Molecular Markers. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 63, 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-022-00429-3.
Renna, M., D’Imperio, M., Gonnella, M., Durante, M., Parente, A., Mita, G., Santamaria, P., & Serio, F. (2019). Morphological and Chemical Profile of Three Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Landraces of a Semi-arid Mediterranean Environment. Plants, 8(8), 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8080273.
Sacco, A., Ruggieri, V., Parisi, M., Festa, G., Rigano, M.M., Picarella, M.E., ... & Barone, A. (2015). Exploring A Tomato Landraces Collection for Fruit-Related Traits by The Aid Of A High-Throughput Genomic Platform. PLoS One, 10(9), e0137139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137139.
Saka, A. (2023). Orta ve Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinden Toplanan Bazı Yerel Domates Popülasyonlarının Karakterizasyonu ve Biyokimyasal İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi. (Tez no 777493) [Doktora Tezi, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Salim, M.M.R., Rashid, M.H., Hossain, M.M., & Zakaria, M. (2020). Morphological Characterization of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 19(3), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.11.001.
SPSS, (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 for Windows. Armonk, NY.
Şavkan, A.N., & Türkmen, Ö. (2023). Morphological Characterization and Selection in Some Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) Genotypes. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(4), 665-674. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1332485.
Şavkan, A.N., Başak, H., & Türkmen, Ö. (2024). Morphological Characterization of Some Capia Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Genotypes. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(6), 1332-1342. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1440798.
Şavkan, A.N., Başak, H., Uncu, A.T., &Türkmen, Ö. (2025a). Morphological characterization and molecular marker-assisted selection for resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in S2 population of capia pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Genet Resour Crop Evol, 72, 767–782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-024-02013-3.
Şavkan, A.N., Dal Canbar, Y., & Türkmen, Ö. (2025b). Identification and Selection of Genetic Diversity of Some Selected Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(1), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1567738.
Tembe, K. O., Chemining'wa, G., Ambuko, J., & Owino, W. (2018). Evaluation of African tomato landraces (Solanum lycopersicum) based on morphological and horticultural traits. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 52(6), 536-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2018.11.014.
Terzopoulos, P., Bebeli, P (2010). Phenotypic Diversity in Greek Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Landraces. Sci. Hort., 126, pp. 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.06.022.
Turhan, A., & Şeniz, V. (2009). Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Bazı Domates Gen Kaynaklarının Verim, Meyve ve Morfolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 23(50), 52-59. ISSN: 2458-8377
Upov, (2024). Solanum lycopersicum L.. Internatıonal Unıon For The Protectıon Of New Varıetıes Of Plants. https://www.upov.int/portal/index.html.en. Accessed 16 May 2024
Van Berloo, R., Zhu, A., Ursem, R., Verbakel, H., Gort, G., & van Eeuwijk, F.A. (2008). Diversity and Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis Within A Selected Set of Cultivated Tomatoes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 117, 89-101. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0755-x.
Vardanian, I., Sargsyan, G., Martirosayn, G., Pahlevanyan, A., Tsereteli, I., Martorosyan, H., ... & Harutyunyan, Z. (2025). Lycopene in tomatoes: genetic regulation, agronomic practices, and environmental influence. Functional Food Science-Online ISSN: 2767-3146, 5(4), 127-145. https://doi.org/10.31989/ffs.v5i4.1617.
Vishwanath, K., Rajendra, P.S., Pallavi, H.M., & Prasanna, K.P.R. (2014). Characterization of Tomato Cultivars Based on Morphological Traits. Annals of Plant Sciences, 3(11), 854-862. http://www.annalsofplantsciences.com/
Yardım, Z., Özen, R. N., Bozaba, E., Arı, B.Ç., et al. (2024). Türkiye ve Kırgızistan Yerel Sanayilik Domates Genotiplerinin Morfolojik ve Agronomik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 27(Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1), 194-204. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1474041.
Yaşar, A., Şavkan, A.N. & Türkmen, Ö. (2025). Agromorphological characterization and molecular evaluation of a marker associated with Zym-1 allele resistance of local zucchini genotypes. Euphytica, 221(77). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-025-03538-z.
Yesmin, L., Islam, M.S., Rahman, M.M., Uddin, M.N., & Ahmad, S. (2014). Inbred and Hybrid Seed Production Potentiality of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Genotypes and Their Yield Performance During Summer. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v39i1.20057.
Zhang, J., Zhao, J., Liang, Y., & Zou, Z. (2015). Genome-wide Association-Mapping for Fruit Quality Traits in Tomato. Euphytica, 207(2), 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1567-0.
Zhou, R., Wu, Z., Cao, X., & Jiang, F. (2015). Genetic Diversity of Cultivated and Wild Tomatoes Revealed by Morphological Traits and SSR Markers. Genet. Mol. Res, 14(4), 13868-13879. https://doi.org/DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.October.29.7.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Vegetable Growing and Treatment

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Alim Aydın
0000-0002-9424-5556
Türkiye

Hakan Başak
0000-0002-1128-4059
Türkiye

Ayşe Nur Şavkan ^*
0000-0002-0826-1243
Türkiye

Ramazan Güngör
0000-0001-9834-1265
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

January 21, 2026

Publication Date

January 21, 2026

Submission Date

April 11, 2025

Acceptance Date

September 7, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1674372

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA77SY78KC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Aydın, A., Başak, H., Şavkan, A. N., & Güngör, R. (2026). Determination of Agro-Morphological Characteristics in Local Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes Collected from Central Anatolia Region. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 29(2), 291-308. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1674372