Research Article

Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical and Pneumatic Mixing Systems for Urea-Based Liquid Fertilizer Preparation: Performance, Stability, and Energy Analysis

Number: Advanced Online Publication Early Pub Date: April 11, 2026
TR EN

Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical and Pneumatic Mixing Systems for Urea-Based Liquid Fertilizer Preparation: Performance, Stability, and Energy Analysis

Abstract

This study presents a comparative experimental investigation into the performance of one mechanical mixer (vertical shaft mixer, VSM) and three pneumatic mixing systems (B1, B2, B3) in the preparation of urea-based liquid fertilizer solutions. Key evaluation criteria included time to reach target pH, slope behavior of pH over time (dpH dt-1), pH stability, and energy consumption. All mixing trials were conducted using 20 kg of urea dissolved in 1 ton of water at ambient temperature (approximately 22–25 °C), providing a standardized baseline for evaluating system performance. Experimental data revealed that while the B1 pneumatic system achieved the fastest pH stabilization (460 s), it also exhibited notable instability in pH slope dynamics and had the highest energy consumption (0.19 kWh). In contrast, the VSM provided the most stable mixing behavior with minimal energy use (0.0555 kWh), although at a slower rate. The B2 system offered a balanced profile, stabilizing at 520 s with a moderate energy consumption of 0.133 kWh, while B3 reached stabilization in 570 s with slightly higher variability but improved energy efficiency over B1 (0.136 kWh). The B2 mixer emerged as an alternative, combining moderate mixing speed with acceptable energy efficiency and stability. Real-time slope analysis was found to be a useful metric for characterizing dynamic mixing performance. The findings underscore the trade-offs between speed, stability, and energy cost, providing practical guidance for selecting fertilizer mixing systems based on operational priorities. These results contribute to the optimization of fertigation technologies and support the development of efficient and reliable fertilizer preparation systems for precision agriculture.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Selçuk University Scientific Research Coordination Unit

Project Number

24401057

Thanks

We would like to thank Selçuk University Scientific Research Coordination Unit for their support in this study

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Agricultural Machines

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

April 11, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

May 7, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 31, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

APA
Orhan, N., Kırılmaz, H., & Kurt, M. (2026). Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical and Pneumatic Mixing Systems for Urea-Based Liquid Fertilizer Preparation: Performance, Stability, and Energy Analysis. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication, 1484-1493. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1694365


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