Comparative Evaluation of Mechanical and Pneumatic Mixing Systems for Urea-Based Liquid Fertilizer Preparation: Performance, Stability, and Energy Analysis
Abstract
This study presents a comparative experimental investigation into the performance of one mechanical mixer (vertical shaft mixer, VSM) and three pneumatic mixing systems (B1, B2, B3) in the preparation of urea-based liquid fertilizer solutions. Key evaluation criteria included time to reach target pH, slope behavior of pH over time (dpH dt-1), pH stability, and energy consumption. All mixing trials were conducted using 20 kg of urea dissolved in 1 ton of water at ambient temperature (approximately 22–25 °C), providing a standardized baseline for evaluating system performance. Experimental data revealed that while the B1 pneumatic system achieved the fastest pH stabilization (460 s), it also exhibited notable instability in pH slope dynamics and had the highest energy consumption (0.19 kWh). In contrast, the VSM provided the most stable mixing behavior with minimal energy use (0.0555 kWh), although at a slower rate. The B2 system offered a balanced profile, stabilizing at 520 s with a moderate energy consumption of 0.133 kWh, while B3 reached stabilization in 570 s with slightly higher variability but improved energy efficiency over B1 (0.136 kWh). The B2 mixer emerged as an alternative, combining moderate mixing speed with acceptable energy efficiency and stability. Real-time slope analysis was found to be a useful metric for characterizing dynamic mixing performance. The findings underscore the trade-offs between speed, stability, and energy cost, providing practical guidance for selecting fertilizer mixing systems based on operational priorities. These results contribute to the optimization of fertigation technologies and support the development of efficient and reliable fertilizer preparation systems for precision agriculture.
Keywords
Destekleyen Kurum
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Teşekkür
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Tarım Makineleri
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Nuri Orhan
*
0000-0002-9987-1695
Türkiye
Hasan Kırılmaz
0000-0002-0263-6200
Türkiye
Mehmet Kurt
0000-0002-9566-6627
Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi
11 Nisan 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi
-
Gönderilme Tarihi
7 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi
31 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication
