Verbascum cymigerum'dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler

Sinem Yılmaz; Tevfik Ozen; Semiha Yenigün; Lütfi Behçet

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099

EN TR

Silver nanoparticles generated by green synthesis from Verbascum cymigerum: In vitro bioactivities and in silico evaluations

Abstract

Verbascum cymigerum Hub.-Mor. is an endemic species of the Verbascum genus of the Scrophulariaceae family, popularly known as the oxbow. This study is the first to investigate the biological activities of Verbascum cymigerum (VC) and its silver nanoparticle formulations. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant, antibacterial, DNA-protective, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory activities of the aqueous (AQ) extract of VC and its synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Furthermore, the phenolic profile and content of the VC-AQ extract were characterized using LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The peak shown at 440 nm in UV-vis showed that a nanoparticle was formed, and as seen in SEM and XRD, the particle size was 12.47 nm, and it had a face-centered cubic structure. It was determined that VC-AQ contained high amounts of rutin (815.40 µg/g). The DPPH˙ scavenging activity and urease inhibition potential of VC-AgNP (IC50, 4.43±1.88 µg/mL and 1.54±0.40 µg/mL, respectively) were higher than the used standards. The urease enzyme was shown to be strongly inhibited by the VC-AgNP model in both in vitro and in silico experiments. It was found that the DNA protection activity of VC-AgNP was more effective than the extract, with 88.77%. In addition, it was observed that VC-AgNP showed better antibacterial activity than the extract against B. cereus, but lower antibacterial activity than the antibiotic. Based on these results, VC-AgNPs exhibit significant potential for use as free radical scavengers, urease inhibitors, and DNA protective agents. These findings suggest that VC-AQ and VC-AgNPs hold significant potential for diverse industrial applications, providing a foundation for future research in these fields.

Keywords

Project Number

PYO.FEN.1914.22.002

Verbascum cymigerum'dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler

Abstract

Verbascum cymigerum Hub.-Mor. halk arasında öküz yayı olarak bilinen Scrophulariaceae familyasından Verbascum cinsinin endemik bir türüdür. Verbascum cymigerum (VC) ve gümüş nanopartikülü ile ilgili biyolojik aktivite çalışmalarını ilk kez incelenmeyi amaçladık. Bu çalışmada, VC'nin sulu (AQ) ekstresinin ve sentezlenen gümüş nanopartiküllerinin (AgNPs) antioksidan, antibakteriyel, DNA koruyucu, antiinflamatuar ve enzim inhibitör aktiviteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, VC-AQ ekstresinin fenolik profili ve içeriği LC-ESI-MS/MS analizi kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. UV-görünür ışıkta 440 nm'de gösterilen pik, nanopartikülün oluştuğunu ve SEM ve XRD'de görüldüğü gibi partikül boyutunun 12.47 nm olduğunu ve yüzey merkezli kübik bir yapıya sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. VC-AQ'nun yüksek miktarda rutin (815.40 µg/g) içerdiği belirlenmiştir. VC-AgNP'nin DPPH˙ giderme aktivitesi ve üreaz inhibisyon potansiyeli (IC50, 4.43±1.88 µg/mL ve 1.54±0.40 µg/mL) kullanılan standartlardan daha yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Üreaz enziminin hem in vitro hem de in silico deneylerde VC-AgNP modeli tarafından güçlü bir şekilde inhibe edildiği bulundu. VC-AgNP'nin DNA koruma aktivitesinin %88.77 ile ekstreden daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, VC-AgNP'nin B. cereus'a karşı ekstreden daha iyi antibakteriyel aktivite gösterdiği, ancak antibiyotikten daha düşük antibakteriyel aktivite gösterdiği belirlendi. Bu sonuçlara dayanarak, VC-AgNPs'nin serbest radikal temizleyici, üreaz inhibitörü ve DNA koruyucu madde olarak kullanım açısından önemli bir potansiyel gösterdiği görülmektedir. Bu bulgular, VC-AQ ve VC-AgNPs'nin çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalar için önemli bir potansiyel taşıdığını ve bu alanlardaki gelecekteki araştırmalar için bir temel oluşturduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi

Project Number

PYO.FEN.1914.22.002

Ethical Statement

Etik izin kullanılmadı

Thanks

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, BAPKOB

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Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Pharmaceutical Botany

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Sinem Yılmaz
0009-0009-2299-0192
Türkiye

Tevfik Ozen ^*
0000-0003-0133-5630
Türkiye

Semiha Yenigün
0000-0002-1979-5427
Türkiye

Lütfi Behçet
0000-0001-8334-7816
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 20, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

August 16, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 11, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA64WR39MM

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yılmaz, S., Ozen, T., Yenigün, S., & Behçet, L. (2026). Verbascum cymigerum’dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication, 34-50. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099

AMA

1.Yılmaz S, Ozen T, Yenigün S, Behçet L. Verbascum cymigerum’dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):34-50. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099

Chicago

Yılmaz, Sinem, Tevfik Ozen, Semiha Yenigün, and Lütfi Behçet. 2026. “Verbascum Cymigerum’dan Yeşil Sentezle üretilen Gümüş Nanopartiküller: In Vitro Biyoaktiviteler Ve in Silico Değerlendirmeler”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication: 34-50. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099.

EndNote

Yılmaz S, Ozen T, Yenigün S, Behçet L (September 1, 2026) Verbascum cymigerum’dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi Advanced Online Publication 34–50.

IEEE

[1]S. Yılmaz, T. Ozen, S. Yenigün, and L. Behçet, “Verbascum cymigerum’dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler”, KSU J. Agric Nat., no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 34–50, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099.

ISNAD

Yılmaz, Sinem - Ozen, Tevfik - Yenigün, Semiha - Behçet, Lütfi. “Verbascum Cymigerum’dan Yeşil Sentezle üretilen Gümüş Nanopartiküller: In Vitro Biyoaktiviteler Ve in Silico Değerlendirmeler”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (September 1, 2026): 34-50. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099.

JAMA

1.Yılmaz S, Ozen T, Yenigün S, Behçet L. Verbascum cymigerum’dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026;:34–50.

MLA

Yılmaz, Sinem, et al. “Verbascum Cymigerum’dan Yeşil Sentezle üretilen Gümüş Nanopartiküller: In Vitro Biyoaktiviteler Ve in Silico Değerlendirmeler”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, Sept. 2026, pp. 34-50, doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099.

Vancouver

1.Sinem Yılmaz, Tevfik Ozen, Semiha Yenigün, Lütfi Behçet. Verbascum cymigerum’dan yeşil sentezle üretilen gümüş nanopartiküller: In vitro biyoaktiviteler ve in silico değerlendirmeler. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026 Sep. 1;(Advanced Online Publication):34-50. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1765099