Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production

Saliha Erdoğdu; Hakan Kartal

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262

TR EN

Atıksu Arıtma Çamurunun Matthiola incana Üzerindeki Doza Bağımlı Etkileri: Süs Bitkisi Üretimi için Sürdürülebilir Bir Yaklaşım

Abstract

Son yıllarda, kirlilik kaynağı olarak ortaya çıkan atıksu arıtma çamurunun depolanması ve bertarafı ciddi bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda atıksu arıtma çamurunun tarımsal amaçlı kullanımı ekonomik, pratik, sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu yöntem olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, atıksu çamurunun yetiştirme ortamı olarak kullanımının Matthiola incana (‘Iron Rose Pink’) bitkisinin büyüme ve gelişimi üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışma, 2025 yılında Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi’ne ait ısıtmasız cam serada, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yetiştirme ortamı olarak: %25, %50, %75 ve %100 atıksu arıtma çamuru ile kontrol ortamı (70:30 torf + perlit) olmak üzere beş farklı ortam kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerde, farklı dozlardaki atıksu arıtma çamuru uygulamaları; bitki boyunda %5 düzeyinde önemli, gövde çapı, başak uzunluğu, çiçek sayısı, çiçek kanopi genişliği, yaprak sayısı, yaprak boyu ve eni, kök uzunluğu, gövde ve kök taze-kuru ağırlıkları, klorofil indeksi ve çiçek rengi gibi parametrelerde ise %1 düzeyinde önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yetiştirme ortamına %25 oranında uygulanan atıksu arıtma çamuru; çiçek kanopi genişliği ve gövde çapı açısından en iyi sonuçları vermiştir. %50 atıksu çamuru uygulaması çiçek rengi canlılığını artırırken, %75 atıksu arıtma çamuru uygulaması ise gövde çapı ve yaprak gelişiminde en iyi sonuçları göstermiştir. Bitki boyu, başak uzunluğu ve çiçek sayısında ise kontrol grubu en başarılı bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, M. incana yetiştiriciliğinde atıksu arıtma çamurunun ticari yetiştirme ortamlarına (torf + perlit) kısmi bir alternatif olarak kullanılabileceğini, ancak uygulama oranının hedeflenen bitki özelliklerine (örneğin bitki boyu, çiçek rengi, yaprak gelişimi) göre optimize edilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production

Abstract

In recent years, the storage and disposal of sewage sludge, which have emerged as a source of pollution, have become a serious problem. In this context, the use of sewage sludge for agricultural purposes is seen as the most economical, practical, sustainable and environmentally friendly method. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of sewage sludge as a growing medium and its impact on the growth and development of Matthiola incana (‘İron Rose Pink’). The study was conducted in 2025 in an unheated glass greenhouse belonging to the Research and Application Center of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, with three replicates according to a completely randomized design. As the cultivation medium; five different media were used, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% sewage sludge, and a control medium (70:30 peat + perlite). The data obtained showed that sewage sludge applications at different doses showed a significant difference of 5% in plant height, while a significance level of 1% was detected in parameters such as stem diameter, raceme length, number of flowers, flower canopy width, number of leaves, leaf length and width, root length, fresh and dry weights of stem and roots, chlorophyll index, and flower color. The application of 25% sewage sludge to the growing medium yielded the best results in terms of flower canopy width and stem diameter. Applying 50% sewage sludge enhanced flower color intensity, while applying 75% sewage sludge produced the best results in terms of stem diameter and leaf development. However, the control group performed best in terms of plant height, raceme length, and number of flowers. These results indicate that sewage sludge can be used as a partial alternative to commercial growing media (peat + perlite) in the cultivation of M. incana; however, the application rate must be optimized according to the desired plant characteristics (e.g., plant height, flower color, leaf development).

Keywords

References

Ahammed, G. J. & Yang, Y. (2022). Anthocyanin-mediated arsenic tolerance in plants. Environ. Pollut., 292(B), 118475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118475
Akat, H., Demirkan, Ç. G., & Yokaş, İ. (2013). Use of wastewater treatment sludge in ornamental plant cultivation. Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 27(1), 129-141.
Akat, H., Demirkan, Ç. G., Akat, Ö., Yağmur, Ö., & Yokaş, İ. (2015). Effects of sewage sludge applications on plant growth, yield and flower quality of Limonium sinuatum 'Compindi White'. Journal of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, 52(1), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.20289/euzfd.97971
Akin, F. & Kahraman, O. (2018). The availability of sewage sludge in ornamental kale cultivation. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 33(2), 177-183. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.347626
Anjum, N. A., Ahmad, I., Eduarda P. M., Duarte, A. C., Umar, S., & Khan, N. A. (2012). The Plant Family Brassicaceae Contribution Towards Phytoremediation. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 359.
Antonkiewicz, J., Kołodziej, B., Bielinska, E. J., & Glen-Karolczyk, K. (2018). The use of macroelements from municipal sewage sludge by the Multiflora rose and the Virginia fanpetals. J Ecol Eng., 19(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/92889
Bacalu-Rus, D., Both, I., Bortes, F., Lupıtu, A., Copolovıcı, D., & Copolovıcı, L. (2025). The Influence of Heavy Metals Contained in Sludge Used as Fertilizer for the Dahlia Variabilis Plant on Photosynthetic Traits. Wseas Transactıons on Environment and Development, 21, 2025. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2025.21.35
Çetinkale Demirkan, G., Akat, H., & Yağmur, B. (2017). The effects of different waste materials on growing Matthiola incana 'Iron Rose'. Medıterranean Agrıcultural Scıences, 30(3), 173-178. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.359778

Çetinkale Demirkan, G., Akat, H., & Yokaş, İ. (2014). Effect of wastewater treatment sludge on plant growth and flowering of Clarkia amoena (Ground Azalea). Uludağ University Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 28(2), 49-57.
Charlesworth, D. (1989). Evolution of low female fertility in plants: pollen limitation, resource allocation and genetic load. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 4, 289-292.
Chen, X., Li, J., Song, G., Zhang, W., Yang, X., Xiong, J., Zhu, C., Yuan, F., & Zhang, Q. (2025). Salt risk is a key limiting factor in high-dose sewage sludge land application. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. Sep., 302, 118616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118616
Dai, J. Y., Chen, L., Zhao, J. F., & Ma, N. (2016). Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge. J Environ Sci (China)., 18(6), 1094-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(06)60045-4
Dede, Ö. H. (2009). Fındık zürufu ve arıtma çamuru karışımından süs bitkisi yetiştirme ortamı geliştirilmesi (Tez no 245352). (Doktora Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı). Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
Dede, Ö. H., Özdemir, S., & Dede, G. (2009). Use of hazelnut sludge and sewage sludge in annual ornamental plant cultivation. 2nd National Sewage Sludge Symposium, İzmir, 275-280.
Demirkan, G. C., Akat, H., & Yokas, I. (2014). Effects of sewage sludge on the growth and flower development of Clarkia amoena. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 28(2), 49-57.
Djandja, O. S., Wang, Z. C., Wang, F., Xu, Y. P., & Duan, P. G. (2020). Pyrolysis of municipal sewage sludge for biofuel production: a review. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(39), 16939-16956. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01546
Dolgen, D., Alpaslan, M. N., & Delen, N. (2007). Agricultural recyling of treatment-plantsludge: A case study for a vegetable-processing factory. J. Envir. Manag., 84, 274-281.
Erdoğdu, S. & Çelik, A. (2024). Bazı dekoratif sebzelerin süs bitkisi olarak kullanım olanakları. Uluslararası Peyzaj Mimarlığı Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 165-178. https://ijlar.org/index.php/ijlar/article/view/555
Erdoğdu, S., Kartal, H., & Okatar, F. (2026). Tuz stresinin topraksız ortamda yetiştirilen horoz ibiği (Celosia argentea var. cristata) bitkisinde bazı morfolojik ve fizyolojik parametreler üzerine etkisi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg., 29(2), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1715858
Faraco, M., Spelt, C., Bliek, M., Verweij, W., Hoshino, A., Espen, L., Prinsi, B., Jaarsma, R., Tarhan, E., de Boer, A. H., Di Sansebastiano, G. P., Koes, R., & Quattrocchio, F. M. (2014). Hyperacidification of vacuoles by the combined action of two different P-ATPases in the tonoplast determines flower color. Cell Rep., 6, 32-43.
Ferraz, A. V., Poggıanı, F., & Sılva, P. H. M. (2016). Aplicação de lodo de esgoto seco e fertilizantes minerais em plantios de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis: produtividade e balanço de nutrientes. Scientia Forestalis, 44(112), 959-970. https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v44n112.17
Ghoma, W. E. O., Sevik, H., & Isinkaralar, K. (2023). Comparison of the rate of certain trace metals accumulation in indoor plants for smoking and non-smoking areas. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 30, 75768-75776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27790-9
Grigatti, M., Giorgiani, M. E., & Ciavatta, C. (2007). Compost-based growing media: Influence on growth and nutrient use of bedding plants. Bioresource Technology, 98(18), 3526-3534. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.biortech.2006.11.016
Harder, L. D. & Barrett, S. C. H. (1995). Mating cost of large floral displays in hermaphrodite plants. Nature, 373, 512–515.
Hicklenton, P. R., Rodd, V., & Warman, P. R. (2001). The effectiveness and consistency of sourcese parated municipal solid waste and bark composts as components of container growing media. Scientia Horticulturae, 91(3-4), 365-378.
Hoagland, D. R. & Arnon, D. I. (1950). The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular-347.
Illera-Vives, M., Labandeira, S. S., Brito, L. M., Lopez-Fabal, A., & Lopez Mosquera, M. E. (2015). Evaluation of compost from seaweed and fish waste as a fertilizer for horticultural use. Scientia Horticulturae, 186, 101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.02.008
Irani, S. F. & Arab, M. (2017). Meiotic behaviour and morpho-phenological variation in cut stock (Matthiola incana L.) flower. Folia Hortic., 29(1), 51-6. https://doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2017-0006
Isinkaralar, O., Isinkaralar, K., Sevik, H., & Küçük, Ö. (2024). Spatial modeling the climate change risk of river basins via climate classification: a scenario-based prediction approach for Türkiye. Nat Hazards 120, 511-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06220-6
Istanbullu, S. N., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., & Isinkaralar, O. (2023). Spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination in road dust samples from an urban environment in Samsun, Türkiye. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 110, 78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-023-03720-w
Jung, Y. K., Joo, K. S., Rho, S. J., & Kim, Y. R. (2020). pH-dependent antioxidant stability of black rice anthocyanin complexed with cycloamylose. LWT 129, 109474.
Kacar, B. (1972). Chemical analyses of plants and soil. A.Ü.Z.F. Publication 453 p.
Kahraman, O. (2024). Reuse of sewage sludge with regards to sustainability in Taurus snowdrop culture. BioResources, 19(3), 6459-6469. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.6459-6469
Karacocuk, T., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Turkyilmaz, A., & Cetin, M. (2022). The change of Cr and Mn concentrations in selected plants in Samsun city center depending on traffic density. Landscape Ecol Eng., 18, 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355- 021-00483-6
Kartal, H. & Geboloğlu, N. (2025). Investigation of the possibilities of using different compost materials as growing media in cucumber cultivation in soilless agriculture. KSU J. Agric Nat., 28(1), 104-113. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1469754
Kartal, H., Erdoğdu, S., & Okatar, F. (2025). Effects of salt applications on growth and development of ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 42(2), 158-166. https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1697987
Katkat, A. V. & Aşık, B. B. (2010). Agricultural use of sewage sludge and its fertilizer value. 5th National Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Congress, 15-17 September 2010, Izmir.
Keller, C., McGrath, S. P., & Dunham, S. J. (2002). Trace metal leaching trough a soil grassland system after sewage sludge application. J. Environ. Qual., 31(59), 1550-1560. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.1550a
Kettle, C. J., Maycock, C. R., Ghazoul, J., Hollingsworth, P. M., Khoo, E., Haji Sukri, R. S., & Burslem, D. F. R. P. (2011). Ecological implications of a flower size/number trade-off intropical forest trees. PloS ONE, 6(2), e16111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016111
Kranert, M., Hafner, G., Berkner, I., & Erdin, E. (2008). Compost from sewage sludge a product with quality assurance system. Water Practice & Technology (IWA), 3(1) 2008. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2008.008
Küçükhemek, M., Gür, K., Uyanöz, R., & Çetin, Ü. (2005). Effects of sewage sludge and farm manure on grass plant yield and color characteristics. Dokuz Eylül University, 1st National Sewage Sludge Symposium Proceedings Book, İzmir, 25-26 March 2005: 375-384.
Li, S., Zhang, K., Zhou, S., Zhang, L., & Chen, Q. (2009). Use of dewatered municipal sludge on canna growth in pot experiments with a barren clay soil. Waste Management, 29(6), 1870-1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.12.007
Liew, C. S., Yunus, N. M., Chidi, B. S., Lam, M. K., Goh, P. S., Mohamad, M., Sin, J. C., Lam, S. M., Lim, J. W., & Lam, S. S. (2022). A review on recent disposal of hazardous sewage sludge via anaerobic digestion and novel composting. J Hazard Mater. 423(A), 126995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126995
Liu, Y., Tikunov, Y., Schouten, R., Marcelis, L., Visser, R., & Bovy, A. (2018). Anthocyanin biosyn-thesis and degradation mechanisms in solanaceous vegetables: a review. Front Chem., 6, 52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00052
Lloret, E., Pascual, J. A., Brodie, E. L., Bouskill, N. J., Insam, H., Juarez, M. F. D., & Goberna, M. (2016). Sewage sludge addition modifies soil microbial communities and plant performance depending on the sludge stabilization process. Appl Soil Ecol., 101, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.01.002
López-Mosquera, M. E., Fernandez-Lema, E., Villares, R., Corral, R., Alonso, B., & Lanco, C. (2011). Composting fish waste and sea weed to produce a fertilizer for use in organic agriculture. Procedia Env. Sci., 9(2011), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.11.018
Manas, P., Castro, E. & de las Heras, J. (2009). Quality of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) seedlings using waste materials as nursery growing media. New Forest, 37(3), 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-008-9125-4
Martinez, F., Cuevas, C., Teresa, W., & Iglesias, I. (2002). Urban organic wastes effects on soil chemical properties in degraded semi arid ecosystem. in: Seventeenth WCSS, Symposium No: 20, Thailand, pp. 1-9.
McBride, M. B. (1995). Toxic Metal Accumulation from Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge: Are USEPA Regulative Protective ?. Journal of Environmental Quality, 24, 5-18. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995. 00472425002400010002x
McGuire, R. G. (1992). Reporting of objective color measurements. Hort. Science, 27(12), 1254-1255. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.27.12.1254
MGM, (General Directorate of Meteorology) (2025). https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=&m=Tokat
Mi, Y., Cheng, M., Yu, Q., & Si, Y. (2021). Foliar application of anthocyanin extract regulates cadmium accumulation and distribution in rice (Oryza sativa L.) at tillering and booting stages. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 224, 112647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112647
Mutethya, L. R., Mwangi, J. K., & Ndirangu, W. (2017). Heavy metal phytoextraction in sewage sludge using sunflower. J. Sustain Res. Eng., 4(1), 12-22.
Nakatsuka, T. & Koishi, K. (2018). Molecular characterization of a double flower mutation in Matthiola incana. Plant Sci., 268, 39-46.
Nuraini, L., Ando, Y., Kawai, K., Tatsuzawa, F., Tanaka, K., Ochiai, M., & Suzuki, K. (2020). Anthocyanin regulatory and structural genes associated with violet flower color of Matthiola incana. Planta, 251, 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-020-03351-z
Nzeve, J. K. & Ikubano, S. L. (2021). Heavy metals and macronutrients concentrations in sewage sludge obtained from decentralized treatment facility, Machakos Town, Kenya, J. Health Environ. Res., 7(2), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210702.13
Ostos, J. C., López-Garrido, R., Murillo, J. M., & López, R. (2008). Substitution of peat for municipal solid waste and sewage sludge based composts in nursery growing media: effects on growth and nutrition of the native shrub Pistacia lentiscus L. Bioresource Technology, 99, 1793-1800.
Öten, M., Temirkaynak, M., Tokgöz, H., Güven, D., & Gübbük, H. (2016). Usage possibilities of some agricultural wastes in open-field banana cultivation. Derim, 33(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.16882/derim.2016.50301
Özdemir, S., Köseoğlu, G., & Dede, Ö. H. (2005). Use of sewage sludge in ornamental plant soil preparation. Proceedings Book of the 1st National Sewage Sludge Symposium, 557-564.
Patel, A. & Patra, D. D. (2014). Influence of heavy metal rich tannery sludge on soil enzymes vis-à-vis growth of Tagetes mitula, an essential oil bearing crop. Chemosphere, 112, 323-332.
Pekşen, A. & Yamaç, M. (2016). Usage areas of spent mushroom compost/substrate-1: properties and importance. Mushroom Journal, 7(1), 49-60.
Sakai, S. (2000). Size-number trade-off and allocation to flower production in animal-pollinated flowers. Plant Species Biology, 15, 261-268.
Sakai, S. & Sakai, A. (1995). Flower size-dependent variation in seed size- theory and a test. American Naturalist, 145(6), 918-934. https://doi.org/10.1086/285776
Sargent, R. D., Goodwillie, C., Kalisz, S., & Rees, R. H. (2007). Phylogenetic evidence for a flower size and number trade-off. American Journal of Botany, 94, 2059-2062. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.12.2059
Savas, D. S., Sevik, H., Isinkaralar, K., Turkyilmaz, A., & Cetin, M. (2021). The potential of using Cedrus atlantica as a biomonitor in the concentrations of Cr and Mn. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28, 55446-55453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14826-1
Shober, A. L., Stehouwer, R. C., & Macneal, K. E. (2003). On-farm assessment of biosolids effects on soil and cropt issue quality. J. Environ. Qual., 32, 1873-1880.
Sing, R. P. & Agrawal, M. (2007). Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Management, 28(2), 347-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.010
Soleimanipour, A. & Chegini, G. R. (2020). A vision-based hybrid approach for identification of Anthurium flower cultivars. Comput. Electron. Agric., 174, 105460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105460
Soleimannejad, Z., Sadeghipour, H. R., Abdolzadeh, A., & Golalipour, M. (2020). Physiological responses of white mustard grown in Zn-contaminated soils. Acta Physiol Plant, 42, 131 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-020-03119-8
Soumare, M., Tack, F. M. G., & Grloo, M. G. (2003). Characterization of Malian and Belgian solid waste composts with respect to fertility and suitability for land application. Waste Management, 23, 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00067-9
Souza, A. M. B., Vieira, G. R., Sgobbe, G., Ferreira, K. B., Campos, T. S., & Lopes, P. L. F. (2022). Initial growth of zinnia seedlings in substrate with different proportions of biosolid. Ornamental Horticulture, 28, 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v28i2.2482
Souza, T. J. S., Alonso, J. M., Leles, P. S. S., Abel, S., Rıbeıro, J. G., & Santana, J. E. S. (2019). Mudas de Luehea divaricata produzidas com biossólido de duas estações de tratamento de esgoto. Advances in Forestry Science, 6(2), 595-601. https://doi.org/10.34062/afs. v6i2.6992
Tanaka, Y., Sasaki, N., & Ohmiya, A. (2008). Biosynthesis of plant pigments: anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids. Plant J., 54, 733-749. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03447.x
Tariq, U., Rehman, S. U., Khan, M. A., Younis, A., Yaseen, M., & Ahsan, M. (2012). Agricultural and municipal waste as potting media components for the growth and flowering of Dahlia hortensis ‘Figaro’. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36(4), 378-385. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1109-16
Thakur, S., Singh, L., Wahid, Z., Siddiqui, M. F., Atnaw, S. M., & Din, M. F. M. (2016). Plant-driven removal of heavy metals from soil: uptake, translocation, tolerance mechanism, challenges, and future perspectives. Environ Monit Assess., 188(4), 206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5211-9
Tong, H., Nankar, A. N., Liu, J., Todorova, V., Ganeva, D., Grozeva, S., Tringovska, I., Pasev, G., Radeva-Ivanova, V., Gechev, T., Kostova, D., & Nikoloski, Z. (2022). Genomic prediction of morphometric and colorimetric traits in Solanaceous fruits. Hortic. Res., 9, uhac072. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac072
Topal Arslan, E., & Topal, M. (2013). A review on compost standards. Nevşehir Science and Technology Journal, 2(2), 85-108.
Tornielli, G., Koes, R., Quattrocchio, F., Gerats, T., & Strommer, J. (2009). The genetics of flower color. Petunia. Springer, New York, NY, pp. 269-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84796-2_13
Tüfekçi, S., Gülbaba, G., & Tokgönül, F. (2008). Use of Tarsus domestic sewage sludge in the production of eucalyptus and red pine saplings. Ministry of Environment and Forestry Publication No: 368 ISBN: 978-605-393-042-6 DOA Publication No: 49
Ünal, M., Karaca, A., Camcı, Ç. S., & Çelik, A. (2011). Effects of sewage sludge originated from urban waste water treatment plant on growth of freesia spp. and some properties of soil. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 25(2), 46-56. https://izlik.org/JA56KX76DA
Üren, İ. (1999). Three-Dimensional Color Measurement Methods. Food., 24(3), 193-200.
Wang, W., Guo, W., Le, L., Yu, J., Wu, Y., Li, D., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Lu, X., Qiao, H., Gu, X., Tian, J., Zhang, C., & Pu, L. (2023). Integration of high-throughput phenotyping, GWAS, and predictive models reveals the genetic architecture of plant height in maize. Mol. Plant, 16(2), 354-373. DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.016
Warren, J. & Mackenzie, S. (2001). Why are all colour combinations not equally represented as flower-colour polymorphisms? New Phytol., 151, 237-241. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00159.x
Wei, Z., Le, Q. V., Peng, W., Yang, Y., Yang, H., Gu, H., Lam, S. S., & Sonne, C. (2021). A review on phytoremediation of contaminants in air, water 238 Ula. and soil. J Hazard Mater., 5(403), 123658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123658
Witt, K. (2007). CIE color difference metrics. Colorimetry 79-100.
Worley, A. C., & Barrett, S. C. H. (2001). Evolution of floral display in Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae): genetic correlations between flower size and number. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14(3), 469-481. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00296.x
Wraga, K. & Zawadzińska, A. (2007). Ocena wpływu podłoża z komunalnego osadu ściekowego na kwitnienie i walory dekoracyjne chryzantemy wielkokwiatowej (Chrysanthemum × grandiflorum (Ramat. Kitam.). Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych, 31, 249-254.
Xue, D. & Huang, X. (2013). The impact of sewage sludge compost on tree peony growth and soil microbiological, and biochemical properties. Chemosphere, 93(4), 583-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.065
Yamazaki, M., Ishida, A., Suzuki, Y., Aoki, Y., Suzuki, S., & Enoki, S. (2021). Ethylene induced by sound stimulation enhances anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skin through direct upregulation of UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. Cells, 10(10), 2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10102799
Yon, E. & Kahraman, O. (2017). “The use of some wastes in Primula vulgaris cultivation,” in: Proceedings Book of VIII International Scientific Agriculture Symposium “AGROSYM 2017”, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, pp. 1917-1922.
Zawadzinska, A. & Salachna, P. (2014). Sewage Sludge Compost as Potting Media Component for ivy Pelargonium (Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her.) Production. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 10, 519-524. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2014.10.69
Zhang, X. C. & Shangguan, Z. P. (2007). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on photosynthetic pigment and fluorescence characteristics in leaves of winter wheat cultivars on dryland. J. Nuclear Agric. Sci., 21, 299-304.
Zhang, Y., YU, S., Lı, C., Wang, Y., Diao, Z., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., YU, X., XU, Y., Hong, X., & Ma, F. (2013). Response characteristics of plant growth and leaf photochemical activity of sugr beet seedlings to different nitrogen application levels. J. Nuclear Agric. Sci., 27, 1391-1400.
Zhao, D. & Tao, J. (2015). Recent advances on the development and regulation of flower color in ornamental plants. Front. Plant Sci., 6, 261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00261

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Green-House Growing and Treatment

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Saliha Erdoğdu ^*
0000-0001-8639-2938
Türkiye

Hakan Kartal
0000-0002-3870-1588
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 20, 2026

Publication Date

-

Submission Date

September 25, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 26, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA46ZL48CT

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Erdoğdu, S., & Kartal, H. (2026). Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication, 77-91. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262

AMA

1.Erdoğdu S, Kartal H. Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):77-91. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262

Chicago

Erdoğdu, Saliha, and Hakan Kartal. 2026. “Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola Incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication: 77-91. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262.

EndNote

Erdoğdu S, Kartal H (September 1, 2026) Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi Advanced Online Publication 77–91.

IEEE

[1]S. Erdoğdu and H. Kartal, “Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production”, KSU J. Agric Nat., no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 77–91, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262.

ISNAD

Erdoğdu, Saliha - Kartal, Hakan. “Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola Incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (September 1, 2026): 77-91. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262.

JAMA

1.Erdoğdu S, Kartal H. Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026;:77–91.

MLA

Erdoğdu, Saliha, and Hakan Kartal. “Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola Incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, no. Advanced Online Publication, Sept. 2026, pp. 77-91, doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262.

Vancouver

1.Saliha Erdoğdu, Hakan Kartal. Dose-Dependent Effects of Sewage Sludge on Matthiola incana: A Sustainable Approach for Ornamental Plant Production. KSU J. Agric Nat. 2026 Sep. 1;(Advanced Online Publication):77-91. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1791262