Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil

Aysel Veyisoğlu; Medine Karabörk; Demet Tatar; Hünkar Avni Duyar

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240

EN TR

Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil

Öz

Members of the Thymus genus are known worldwide as popular functional foods and folk medicines. The chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils obtained from aerial parts (flower, leaf and stem) of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis collected from Kaledibi village of Alucra district of Giresun and the antimicrobial properties of ethanol and methanol extracts were investigated. Twenty components representing 95.7% of the essential oils were identified. The main compounds in the essential oil of T. longicaulis subsp. longicaulis are: Thymol (37.96%), p-Cymene (22.17%), Carvacrol (11.75%), and L-Borneol (4.90%). The essential oil and extracts were screened for their antimicrobial activities against 7 bacterial and 2 fungal species using disk diffusion method. It was observed that the essential oil exhibited better antibacterial activity than ethanol and methanol extracts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Proje Numarası

1919B012317643

Etik Beyan

Tüm yazarlar bu çalışmaya eşit katkıda bulunmuşlardır. Makalenin son halini okuyup onaylamışlar ve metin, şekil ve tabloların özgün olduğunu ve daha önce yayınlanmadığını teyit etmişlerdir.

Teşekkür

Araştırmamıza destek veren TÜBİTAK'a teşekkür ederiz.

Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Bitki Ekstraktlarının ve Uçucu Yağının Kimyasal Bileşiminin Belirlenmesi ve İn Vitro Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi

Öz

Thymus cinsi üyeleri, dünya genelinde popüler fonksiyonel gıdalar ve halk ilaçları olarak bilinmektedir. Giresun’un Alucra ilçesine bağlı Kaledibi köyünden toplanan Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis bitkisinin toprak üstü kısımlarından (çiçek, yaprak ve gövde) elde edilen uçucu yağların kimyasal bileşimi ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri ile etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarının antimikrobiyal özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Uçucu yağların %95,7’sini temsil eden yirmi bileşen tanımlanmıştır. T. longicaulis subsp. longicaulis uçucu yağının ana bileşenleri şunlardır: Timol (%37,96), p-Simen (%22,17), Karvakrol (%11,75) ve L-Borneol (%4,90). Uçucu yağ ve ekstraktların antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri, disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak 7 bakteri ve 2 mantar türüne karşı test edilmiştir. Uçucu yağın, etanol ve metanol ekstraktlarına göre daha iyi antibakteriyel aktivite gösterdiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK)

Proje Numarası

1919B012317643

Etik Beyan

All authors contributed equally to this study. They have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and confirm that the text, figures, and tables are original and have not been published previously.

Teşekkür

We thank to TÜBİTAK for supporting our research.

Kaynakça

Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J., Scott, B. C., Murcia, A., Butler, J., & Haliwell, B. (1994). Antioxidation actions of thymol, carvacrol 6-gingerol zingerone hydoxytyrosol. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 32, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(84)90033-4
Alarcón, R., Pardo-de-Santayana, M., Priestley, C., Morales, R., & Heinrich, M. (2015). Medicinal and local food plants in the southof Alava (Basque Country, Spain). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 176, 207–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.022
Azaz, A. D., Irtem, H. A., Kurkcuoğlu, M., & Baser, K. H. (2004). Composition and the in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of some Thymus species. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung - Section C Journal of Biosciences, 59 (1-2), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-1-216
Azwanida, N. N. (2015). A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 4 (3), 196. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000196
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6 (2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
Baser, K. H. C., Özek, T., & Tümen, G. (1992). Essential oils of Thymus cariensis and Thymus haussknechtii, two endemic species in Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 4 (6), 659–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698156
Başer, K. H. C., Tümen, G., Özek, T., & Kürkçüoğlu, M. (1991). Halk ilacı olarak kullanılan Thymus sibthorpii Bentham. 9. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı, Bildiriler, Eskişehir, (16-19 Mayıs 1991), 389.
Bauer, A. W., Kirby, W. M. M., & Sherris, J. C. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45, 493–496.

Bouzidi, L. E., Jamali, C. A., Bekkouche, K., Hassani, L., Wohlmuth, H., Leach, D., & Abbad, A. (2013). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from wild and cultivated Moroccan Thymus species. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 450–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.063
Chroho, M., Rouphael, Y., Petropoulos, S. A., & Bouissane, L. (2024). Carvacrol and Thymol content affects the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis essential oils. Antibiotics, 13 (2), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13020139
Cornara, L., La Rocca, A., Marsili, S., & Mariotti, M. G. (2009). Traditional uses of plants in the eastern Riviera (Liguria, Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125, 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.06.021
Çetin, B., Çakmakçi, S., & Çakmakçi, R. (2011). The investigation of antimicrobial activity of Thyme and oregano essential oils. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35, 145–154. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0906-162
Dai, J., & Mumper, R. J. (2010). Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules, 15(10), 7313–7352. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107313
Dapkevicius, A., Venskutonis, R., van Beek, T. A., & Linssen, P. H. (1998). Antioxidant activity of extracts obtained by different isolation procedures from some aromatic herbs grown in Lithuania. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 77, 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199805)77:1<140::AID-JSFA18>3.0.CO;2-K
De Martino, L., De Feo, V., Formisano, C., Mignola, E., & Senatore, F. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from three chemotypes of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart growing wild in Campania (Southern Italy). Molecules, 14 (8), 2735–2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14082735
Dülger, B., Ceylan, M., Alitsaous, M., & Uğurlu, E. (1999). Artemisia absinthium L. (Pelin)’un antimikrobiyal aktivitesi. Turkish Journal of Biology, 23, 377–384.
Edreva, A., Velikova, V., Tsonev, T., Dagnon, S., Grel, A., Akta, L., & Gesheva, E. (2008). Stress-protective role of secondary metabolites: Diversity of functions and mechanisms. General and Applied Plant Physiology (Online), 34, 67–78.
Elkiran, O., Akbaba, E., & Bagcı, E. (2018). Constituents of essential oils from leaves and seeds of Laurus nobilis L.: A chemotaxonomic approach. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 47 (4), 893–901. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v47i4.47379
Elkiran, O., & Avsar, C. (2020). Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of endemic Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. et Velen. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 49 (4), 957–965. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i4.52505
Elkiran, O. (2022). Chemical Composition of the essential oil of Thymus longicaulis C. Presl. subsp. longicaulis. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 9 (3), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1086904
Farhadi, K., Rajabi, E., Varpaei, H. A., Iranzadasl, M., Khodaparast, S., & Salehi, M. (2024). Thymol and carvacrol against Klebsiella: Anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and synergistic activities — A systematic review. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1487083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1487083
Galasso, S., Pacifico, S., Kretschmer, N., Pan, S. P., Marcianci, S., Piccolella, S., Monaco, P., & Bauer, R. (2014). Influence of seasonal variation on Thymus longicaulis C. Presl chemical composition and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemistry, 107, 80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.015
Grujic Jovanovic, S., Marin, P. D., Dzamic, A., & Ristic, M. (2009). Essential oil composition of Thymus longicaulis from Serbia. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 45, 265–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-009-9282-5
Habashy, N. H., Abu Serie, M. M., Attia, W. E., & M. Abdelgaleil, S. A. (2018). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Greek Thymus vulgaris extracts and their possible synergism with Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Functional Foods, 40, 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.022
Hassanin, A. A., Saad, A. M., Bardisi, E. A., Salama, A., & Sitohy, M. Z. (2020). Transfer of anthocyanin accumulating Delila and Rosea1 genes from the transgenic tomato microtom cultivar to moneymaker cultivar by conventional breeding. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68, 10741–10749. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03307
Iyer, A., Panchal, S., Poudyal, H., & Brown, L. (2009). Potential health benefits of Indian spices in the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome: A review. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 46 (6), 467–81.
Jarić, S., Mitrović, M., & Pavlović, P. (2015). Review of ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological study of Thymus serpyllum L. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015 (1), 101978.
Mantzourani, I., Daoutidou, M., & Alexopoulos, A. (2025). The antimicrobial effect of thymol and carvacrol in combination with organic acids against foodborne pathogens in chicken and beef meat fillets. Microorganisms, 13(1), 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13010182
Marchese, A, Orhan, I.E., Daglia, M, Barbieri, R, Di Lorenzo, A, Nabavi, S.F., Gortzi, O, Izadi, M, Nabavi, S.M. (2016). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of thymol: A brief review of the literature. Food Chem. Nov 1, 210, 402–14. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.111
Martins, I. J. (2018). Indian spices and biotherapeutics in health and chronic disease. Health, 10 (4), 374–380. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2018.104030
Nabavi, S. M., Marchese, A., Izadi, M., Curti, V., Daglia, M., & Nabavi, S. F. (2015). Plants belonging to the genus Thymus as antibacterial agents: From farm to pharmacy. Food Chemistry, 173, 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.042
Ncube, B., Finnie, J. F., & Van Staden, J. (2012). Quality from the field: The impact of environmental factors as quality determinants in medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany, 82, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.05.009
Pavela, R., Bartolucci, F., Desneux, N., Lavoir, A. V., Canale, A., Maggi, F., Benelli, G., (2019). Chemical profiles and insecticidal efficacy of the essential oils from four Thymus taxa growing in central-southern Italy. Industrial Crops and Products, 138, 111460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.06.023
Rahman, M. A., Mossa, J. S., Al-Said, M. S., & Al-Yahya, M. A. (2004). Medicinal plant diversity in the flora of Saudi Arabia 1: A report on seven plant families. Fitoterapia, 75, 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2003.12.012
Rowshan, V., Bahmanzadegan, A., & Saharkhiz, M. J. (2013). Influence of storage conditions on the essential oil composi tion of Thymus daenensis Celak. Industrial Crops and Products, 49, 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.029
Sarikurkcu, C., Ozer, M. S., Eskici, M., Tepe, B., Can, Ş., & Mete, E. (2010). Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Thymus longicaulis C. Presl subsp. longicaulis var. longicaulis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48 (7), 1801–1805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.009
Sharifi-Rad, J., Sureda, A., Tenore, G. C., Daglia, M., Sharifi-Rad, M., Valussi, M., Tundis, R., Sharifi-Rad, M., Loizzo, M. R., Ademiluyi, A. O., Sharifi-Rad, R., Ayatollahi, S. A., & Iriti, M. (2017). Biological activities of essential oils: from plant chemoecology to traditional healing systems. Molecules, 22(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010070
Tümen, G., Koyuncu, M., Kirimer, N., & Baser, K. H. C. (1994). Composition of the essential oil of Thymus cilicicus Boiss. & Bal. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 3 (1), 97–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1994.9698336
Tzakou, O., Verykokidou, E., Roussis, V., & Chinou, I. (1998). Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of Thymus longicaulis subsp. chaubardi oils three chemotypes in same population. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 10, 97–99.
Ventola, C. L. 2015. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P & T, 40 (4), 277–283.
Veyisoğlu, A., Balta, Y. E., & Tatar, D. (2024). Investigation of the antimicrobial activity of water and methanol extracts of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak) plant against some pathogenic microorganisms. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 8 (4), 953–958. https://dx.doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.4.25
Veyisoğlu, A., & Tatar, D. (2025). Determination of the antimicrobial potential of naturally grown rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruit in the Giresun region. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 8 (6), 1921–1926. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1760015
Vladimir-Knežević, S., Kosalec, I., Babac, M., Petrović, M., Ralić, J., Matica, B., Blažeković, B. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of Thymus longicaulis C. Presl essential oil against respiratory pathogens. Central European Journal of Experimental Biology, 7 (6), 1109–1115. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0088-2
World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: WHO.
Woolf, A. (1999). Essential oil poisoning. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol, 37, 721–727.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Mikrobiyoloji (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Aysel Veyisoğlu ^*
0000-0002-1406-5513
Türkiye

Medine Karabörk
0009-0003-7075-0798
Türkiye

Demet Tatar
0000-0002-9317-3263
Türkiye

Hünkar Avni Duyar
0000-0002-2560-5407
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

11 Nisan 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

-

Gönderilme Tarihi

24 Kasım 2025

Kabul Tarihi

22 Şubat 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA38PX97SD

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Veyisoğlu, A., Karabörk, M., Tatar, D., & Duyar, H. A. (2026). Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication, 1380-1391. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240

AMA

1.Veyisoğlu A, Karabörk M, Tatar D, Duyar HA. Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):1380-1391. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240

Chicago

Veyisoğlu, Aysel, Medine Karabörk, Demet Tatar, ve Hünkar Avni Duyar. 2026. “Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication: 1380-91. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240.

EndNote

Veyisoğlu A, Karabörk M, Tatar D, Duyar HA (01 Nisan 2026) Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi Advanced Online Publication 1380–1391.

IEEE

[1]A. Veyisoğlu, M. Karabörk, D. Tatar, ve H. A. Duyar, “Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, ss. 1380–1391, Nis. 2026, doi: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240.

ISNAD

Veyisoğlu, Aysel - Karabörk, Medine - Tatar, Demet - Duyar, Hünkar Avni. “Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (01 Nisan 2026): 1380-1391. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240.

JAMA

1.Veyisoğlu A, Karabörk M, Tatar D, Duyar HA. Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2026;:1380–1391.

MLA

Veyisoğlu, Aysel, vd. “Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Nisan 2026, ss. 1380-91, doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240.

Vancouver

1.Aysel Veyisoğlu, Medine Karabörk, Demet Tatar, Hünkar Avni Duyar. Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 01 Nisan 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):1380-91. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1829240

Determination of Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Plant Extracts and Essential Oil

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Etik Beyan

Teşekkür

Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis Bitki Ekstraktlarının ve Uçucu Yağının Kimyasal Bileşiminin Belirlenmesi ve İn Vitro Antimikrobiyal Aktivitesi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Etik Beyan

Teşekkür

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

e-ISSN: 2619-9149