Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar

Tevhit Geçim; Özkan Kaya; Nalan Nazan Kalkan; Abdurrahim Bozkurt; Birol Karadoğan; Serkan Candar; İsmail Esmek

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359

TR EN

Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Üzüm Çeşidinde Erken Dönemde Yaprak Almanın Sürgün Gelişimi ile Kış Gözlerinin Fizyolojisi ve Canlılığı Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma, Karaerik üzüm çeşidinde (Vitis vinifera L.) farklı fenolojik dönemlerde uygulanan yaprak alma işlemlerinin asmanın fenolojik gelişimi, sürgün özellikleri ve kış gözlerinin fizyolojik durumu üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma 2019–2021 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiş; yaprak alma uygulamaları çiçeklenme öncesi (PF), tam çiçeklenme (FF) ve meyve tutumu (FS) dönemlerinde yapılmış, uygulama yapılmayan asmalar kontrol olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Üç yıllık ortalama gözlemlere göre, yaprak alma uygulamaları kontrol asmalarına kıyasla daha erken fenolojik gelişim eğilimi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ben düşme dönemi PF ve FF uygulamalarında 28 Temmuz–1 Ağustos tarihleri arasında gerçekleşirken, kontrol asmalarında bu dönem 5–8 Ağustos’ta gözlenmiştir. Yaprak alma uygulamalarının uyanma oranı (%89.25–90.74) üzerinde etkisi olmamıştır. Buna karşın toplam çiçek salkımı sayısı PF, FF ve FS uygulamalarında sırasıyla 27.44, 27.33 ve 27.22 adet olarak belirlenmiş, kontrol uygulamasında bu değer 26.22 adet olarak saptanmıştır. Kış gözlerinde çözünebilir karbonhidrat içeriği bakımından en yüksek değer PF uygulamasında 10.10 mg g-1 iken, kontrol asmalarında bu değer 4.87 mg g-1 olmuştur. Primer göz nekrozu oranı yaprak alma uygulamalarında %3.00–4.11 arasında değişmiş, kontrol uygulamasında ise %9.11’e ulaşmıştır. En düşük soğuk zararı oranı FS uygulamasında %4.67 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca FS uygulaması göz taze (3.05 g) ve kuru ağırlığı (2.10 g) bakımından öne çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Karaerik üzüm yetiştiriciliğinde özellikle çiçeklenme öncesi ve meyve tutumu dönemlerinde uygulanan yaprak almanın erkencilik sağladığı ve kış gözlerinin fizyolojik dayanıklılığını artırdığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

TAGEM/BBAD/B/19/A1/P6/901

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik onay gerekmemektedir.

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın yürütülmesindeki destekleri için Erzincan Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğüne ve çalışanlarına teşekkürlerimi sunmak isterim.

Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar

Öz

This study evaluated the effects of leaf removal applied at different phenological stages on phenological development, shoot characteristics, and the physiological status of winter buds in the Karaerik grape cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.). The experiment was conducted over three consecutive growing seasons (2019–2021). Leaf removal was applied at the pre-flowering (PF), full flowering (FF), and fruit set (FS) stages, while untreated vines served as the control. Based on three-year mean observations, leaf removal treatments tended to be associated with earlier phenological development compared with the control vines. Veraison occurred between July 28 and August 1 in the PF and FF treatments, whereas it was delayed until August 5–8 in the control vines. The budburst ratio was not significantly affected by the treatments and ranged from 89.25% to 90.74%. In contrast, the total number of inflorescences increased under leaf removal, reaching 27.44, 27.33, and 27.22 in the PF, FF, and FS treatments, respectively, compared to 26.22 in the control. Winter bud soluble carbohydrate content was significantly enhanced by leaf removal, with the highest concentration observed in the PF treatment (10.10 mg g-1), whereas the control vines exhibited markedly lower levels (4.87 mg g-1). Primary bud necrosis ranged from 3.00% to 4.11% in treated vines but increased to 9.11% in the control. The lowest cold injury rate was recorded in the FS treatment (4.67%), which also produced the highest bud fresh (3.05 g) and dry weights (2.10 g). Overall, leaf removal, particularly when applied at the pre-flowering and fruit set stages, was shown to be an effective cultural practice for advancing phenological development and improving the physiological quality and cold tolerance of winter buds in the Karaerik grape cultivar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

This study was supported by the General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies.

Proje Numarası

TAGEM/BBAD/B/19/A1/P6/901

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval is not required for this study.

Teşekkür

I would like to express my gratitude to the Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute Directorate and its staff for their support in conducting this study.

Kaynakça

Anić, M., Osrečak, M., Andabaka, Ž., Tomaz, I., Večenaj, Ž., Jelić, D., … Karoglan, M. (2021). The effect of leaf removal on canopy microclimate, vine performance and grape phenolic composition of Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes in the continental part of Croatia. Scientia Horticulturae, 285, 110161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110161
Anonymous. (2011). Overview of vineyard canopy management. https://ipm.missouri.edu/cropPest/2011/5/ Overview-of-Vineyard-Canopy-Management/ (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2025).
Bravdo, B., Hepner, Y., Loinger, C., Cohen, S., & Tabacman, H. (1984). Effect of crop level on growth, yield and wine quality of a high yielding Carignane vineyard. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 35(4), 247–252. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1984.35.4.247
Candar, S. (2018). Effects of different canopy microclimates on physiological activities and quality in Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines (Doctoral Dissertation). Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Türkiye.
Cataldo, E., Salvi, L., Paoli, F., Fucile, M., & Mattii, G. B. (2021). Effects of defoliation at fruit set on vine physiology and berry composition in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines. Plants, 10(6), 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants10061183
Chalfant, P., & Dami, I. (2021). Early defoliation impact on fruit set, yield, fruit quality, and cold hardiness in ‘Chambourcin’ grapevines. Scientia Horticulturae, 290, 110505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110505
Cincotta, F., Verzera, A., Prestia, O., Tripodi, G., Lechhab, W., Sparacio, A., & Condurso, C. (2022). Influence of leaf removal on grape, wine and aroma compounds of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot under Mediterranean climate. European Food Research and Technology, 248(2), 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-021-03885-w
Dami, I., Ferree, D. C., Kurtural, S. K., & Taylor, B. H. (2005). Influence of crop load on ‘Chambourcin’ yield, fruit quality, and winter hardiness under Midwestern United States environmental conditions. Acta Horticulturae, 689, 203–208.

Dami, I., Ferree, D., Prajitna, A., & Scurlock, D. (2006). A five-year study on the effect of cluster thinning on yield and fruit composition of ‘Chambourcin’ grapevines. HortScience, 41(3), 586–588.
Dokoozlian, N. K., & Kliewer, W. M. (1996). Influence of light on grape berry growth and composition varies during fruit development. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 121(5), 869–874.
Edson, C. E., Howell, G. S., & Flore, J. A. (1995). Influence of crop load on photosynthesis and dry matter partitioning of Seyval grapevines. II. Seasonal changes in single leaf and whole vine photosynthesis. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 46(4), 469–477. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1995.46.4.478
Eltom, M., Winefield, C., & Trought, M. C. (2015). Effects of shoot girdling and/or periodic leaf removal on inflorescence primordia initiation and development in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon Blanc. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 21(1), 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12113
Fennell, A. (2004). Freezing tolerance and injury in grapevines. Journal of Crop Improvement, 10(1–2), 201–235. https://doi.org/10.1300/J411v10n01_09
Fennell, A., & Hoover, E. (1991). Photoperiod influences growth, bud dormancy, and cold acclimation in Vitis labruscana and V. riparia. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 116(2), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.116.2.270
Frioni, T., Acimovic, D., Tombesi, S., Sivilotti, P., Palliotti, A., Poni, S., & Sabbatini, P. (2018). Changes in within-shoot carbon partitioning in Pinot Noir grapevines subjected to early basal leaf removal. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01122
Geçim, T., Bozkurt, A., & Kalkan, N. N. (2026). Effects of Leaf Removal at Different Phenological Stages on Yield, Quality, and Growth of Karaerik Grapevines Trained in the Baran System. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, (1), 1861975. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1861975
Goldammer, T. (2018). Wine grape rootstocks. In The grape grower’s handbook: A guide to viticulture for wine production. Apex Publishers.
Haselgrove, L., Botting, D., Van Heeswijck, R., Høj, P. B., Dry, P. R., Ford, C., & Land, P. G. I. (2000). Canopy microclimate and berry composition: The effect of bunch exposure on the phenolic composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grape berries. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 6(2), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2000.tb00173.x
Howell, G. S. (2001). Sustainable grape productivity and the growth-yield relationship: A review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 52(3), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2001.52.3.165
Howell, G. S., & Shaulis, N. (1980). Factors influencing within-vine variation in the cold resistance of cane and primary bud tissues. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 31(2), 158–161. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1980.31.2.158
Hunter, J. J. (2000). Implications of seasonal canopy management and growth compensation in grapevine. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 21(2), 81–91.
Intrieri, C., Filippetti, I., Allegro, G., Centinari, M., & Poni, S. (2008). Early defoliation (hand vs mechanical) for improved crop control and grape composition in Sangiovese (Vitis vinifera L.). Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 14(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2008.00004.x
Kaya, O. (2020). Defoliation alleviates cold-induced oxidative damage in dormant buds of grapevine by up-regulating soluble carbohydrates and decreasing ROS. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 42(7), 106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-020-03093-1
Keller, M. (2020). The science of grapevines (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
Keller, M., & Tarara, J. M. (2010). Warm spring temperatures induce persistent season-long changes in shoot development in grapevines. Annals of Botany, 106(1), 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcq091
Kurtural, S. K., Dami, I. E., & Taylor, B. H. (2006). Effects of pruning and cluster thinning on yield and fruit composition of ‘Chambourcin’ grapevines. HortTechnology, 16(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.16.2.0233
Lan, H. (2025). The role of canopy management in optimizing grapevine yield and quality. International Journal of Horticulture, 15, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5376/ijh.2025.15.0015
Lopes, C. M., Egipto, R., Zarrouk, O., & Chaves, M. M. (2020). Carry-over effects on bud fertility make early defoliation a risky crop-regulating practice in Mediterranean vineyards. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 26(3), 290–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12437
Lorenz, D. H., Eichhorn, K. W., Bleiholder, H., Klose, R., Meier, U., & Weber, E. (1995). Growth stages of the grapevine: Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera)—Codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 1(2), 100–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1995.tb00085.x
Mickelbart, M. V., Chapman, P., & Collier-Christian, L. (2006). Endogenous levels and exogenous application of glycinebetaine in grapevines. Scientia Horticulturae, 111(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.07.031
OIV. (2009). OIV descriptor list for grape varieties and Vitis species. Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin.
Pastore, C., Zenoni, S., Fasoli, M., Pezzotti, M., Tornielli, G. B., & Filippetti, I. (2013). Selective defoliation affects plant growth, fruit transcriptional ripening program and flavonoid metabolism in grapevine. BMC Plant Biology, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-13-30
Phelps, G. W. (1999). The influence of site, crop load and cluster light exposure on Pinot Noir fruit composition in Canterbury (Doktora tezi). Lincoln University.
Poni, S., Casalini, L., Bernizzoni, F., Civardi, S., & Intrieri, C. (2006). Effects of early defoliation on shoot photosynthesis, yield components, and grape composition. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 57(4), 397–407. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2006.57.4.397
Rende, M., Köse, C., & Kaya, O. (2018). An assessment of the relation between cold-hardiness and biochemical contents of winter buds of grapevine cv. ‘Karaerik’ in acclimation–hardening–deacclimation phases. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg Rebe und Wein Obstbau und Früchteverwertung, 68(2), 67–81.
Smart, R., & Robinson, M. (1991). Sunlight into wine: A handbook for winegrape canopy management. Winetitles.
Smith, M. S., & Centinari, M. (2019). Impacts of early leaf removal and cluster thinning on Grüner Veltliner production, fruit composition, and vine health. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 70(3), 308–317. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2019.18100
Smithyman, R. P., Howell, G. S., & Miller, D. P. (1997). Influence of canopy configuration on vegetative development, yield, and fruit composition of Seyval Blanc grapevines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 48(4), 482–491. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1997.48.4.482
Tarara, J., Lee, J., Spayd, S., & Scagel, C. F. (2008). Berry temperature and solar radiation alter acylation, proportion, and concentration of anthocyanin in Merlot grapes. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 59(3), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2008.59.3.235
Vasconcelos, M. C., Greven, M., Winefield, C. S., Trought, M. C., & Raw, V. (2009). The flowering process of Vitis vinifera: A review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 60(4), 411–434. https://doi.org/10.5344/ ajev.2009.60.4.411
Verdenal, T., Zufferey, V., Dienes-Nagy, A., Bourdin, G., Gindro, K., Viret, O., & Spring, J. L. (2019). Timing and intensity of grapevine defoliation: An extensive overview on five cultivars in Switzerland. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 70(4), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2019.19002
Zabadal, T. J., Dami, I. E., Goffinet, M. C., Martinson, T. E., & Chien, M. L. (2007). Winter injury to grapevines and methods of protection (Extension Bulletin E-2930). Michigan State University Extension.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Şarapçılık ve Bağcılık

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Tevhit Geçim ^*
0000-0003-2406-9929
Türkiye

Özkan Kaya
0000-0002-1679-6125
Türkiye

Nalan Nazan Kalkan
0000-0002-9204-7281
Türkiye

Abdurrahim Bozkurt
0000-0001-7315-202X
Türkiye

Birol Karadoğan
0000-0002-1526-1751
Türkiye

Serkan Candar
0000-0002-2608-8691
Türkiye

İsmail Esmek
0009-0002-3883-0862
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

20 Eylül 2026

Yayımlanma Tarihi

-

Gönderilme Tarihi

30 Aralık 2025

Kabul Tarihi

26 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA48SR57BG

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Geçim, T., Kaya, Ö., Kalkan, N. N., Bozkurt, A., Karadoğan, B., Candar, S., & Esmek, İ. (2026). Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication, 65-76. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359

AMA

1.Geçim T, Kaya Ö, Kalkan NN, vd. Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):65-76. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359

Chicago

Geçim, Tevhit, Özkan Kaya, Nalan Nazan Kalkan, vd. 2026. “Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication: 65-76. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359.

EndNote

Geçim T, Kaya Ö, Kalkan NN, Bozkurt A, Karadoğan B, Candar S, Esmek İ (01 Eylül 2026) Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi Advanced Online Publication 65–76.

IEEE

[1]T. Geçim vd., “Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, ss. 65–76, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359.

ISNAD

Geçim, Tevhit - Kaya, Özkan - Kalkan, Nalan Nazan - Bozkurt, Abdurrahim - Karadoğan, Birol - Candar, Serkan - Esmek, İsmail. “Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. Advanced Online Publication (01 Eylül 2026): 65-76. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359.

JAMA

1.Geçim T, Kaya Ö, Kalkan NN, Bozkurt A, Karadoğan B, Candar S, Esmek İ. Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 2026;:65–76.

MLA

Geçim, Tevhit, vd. “Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, sy Advanced Online Publication, Eylül 2026, ss. 65-76, doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359.

Vancouver

1.Tevhit Geçim, Özkan Kaya, Nalan Nazan Kalkan, Abdurrahim Bozkurt, Birol Karadoğan, Serkan Candar, İsmail Esmek. Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi. 01 Eylül 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):65-76. doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1851359

Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Üzüm Çeşidinde Erken Dönemde Yaprak Almanın Sürgün Gelişimi ile Kış Gözlerinin Fizyolojisi ve Canlılığı Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Etik Beyan

Teşekkür

Effects of Early-Season Leaf Removal on Shoot Development and the Physiology and Viability of Winter Buds in the Karaerik (Vitis vinifera L.) Grape Cultivar

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

Proje Numarası

Etik Beyan

Teşekkür

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster

e-ISSN: 2619-9149