Öz
Asmada çiçek salkımı
taslaklarının (primordiyumlarının) birinci sezonda gelişmesini takiben ikinci
gelişme sezonunda çiçek ve çiçek organ taslakları farklılaşmaktadır. Bu
çalışmanın amacı, Merlot (Vitis vinifera
L.) üzüm çeşidinde sürme sırasında ve sonrasında gözlerde ve çiçeklerde
farklılaşma adına gerçekleşen olayların tanımlanması ve bu olayların fenolojik
safhalar ile ilişkilendirilmesidir. Ayrıca, çiçek organlarının farklı gelişme
aşamalarındaki boyutları mikroskop altında belirlenmiştir. 2016 yılının 20 Mart
ve 10 Mayıs tarihleri arasında her 5-10 günde bir alınan örneklerin mikroskop
altında dikkatlice incelenmesinden sonra, asma floral gelişme aşamalarına 5 ara
aşama eklenmiştir (taç yaprak taslağının görünmesini takiben erkek ve dişi
organ taslaklarının tam olarak şekillenmesi). Bulgulara göre, çiçek salkımı ile
salkım üzerindeki her bir çiçeğin farklılaşmasının baharda gözlerin şişmesiyle
birlikte olduğu görülmüştür. Çiçek salkımı taslağının görünür hale gelmesinden
yaklaşık olarak 3 hafta sonra erkek organlar ve dişi organ görülebilmiştir.
Gelişim sonraki 3 hafta içerisinde tamamlanmıştır. Çiçek taslağı 1 Nisan’da
görülmüş ve sonraki 5-6 haftalık dönemde boyutlarını %900’den fazla
arttırmıştır. Generatif organ taslakları, 2-4 yaprak sürgünden ayrıldığı
zamanda görülebilmiştir. Dişi organ tam şeklini aldığı dönemde, sürgünde 6-8
yaprak büyümüş ve çiçek salkımları çıplak gözle ayırt edilebilir duruma
gelmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Asma Çiçek taslağı Dişi organ Fenoloji Çiçek oluşumu ve gelişimi
Kaynakça
- Ağaoğlu YS 1971. A study on the differentiation and the development of floral parts in grapes (Vitis vinifera L. var.). Vitis 10:20-26.
- Alleweldt G, Ilter E 1969. Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen Blütenbildung und Triebwachstum bei Reben. Vitis 8: 286-313.
- Baggiolini M 1952. Les stades repères dans le développement annuel de la vigne et leur utilisation pratique. Revue romande d’Agriculture, de Viticulture et d’Arboriculture 8: 4-6.
- Barnard C, Thomas JC 1933. Fruit bud studies II. The Sultana: Differentiation and development of the fruit buds. J. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Aust. 6: 285-294.
- Caporali E, Spada A, Marziani G, Failla O, Scienza A 2003. The arrest of development of abortive reproductive organs in the unisexual flower of Vitis vinifera ssp. silvestris. Sex Plant Reprod. 15: 291-300. doı:10.1007/s00497-003 0169-5.
- Coombe BG 1995. Adoption of a system of identifying grapevine growth stages. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 1: 104-110.
- Considine JA, Knox RB 1979. Development and histochemistry of the pistil of the grape. Vitis vinifera. Ann. Bot. 43: 11-22.
- Eichhorn KW, Lorenz H 1977. Phaenologische Entwicklungstadien der Rebe. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Braunschweig) 2: 119-120.
- Gerrath JM, Posluszny U 1988. Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. II. Floral development in Vitis riparia. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 1334-1351.
- Jackes BR 1984. Revision of the Australian Vitaceae. 1. Ampelocissus Planchon. Austrobaileya 2: 81-86.
- Jones JE, Menary RC, Wilson SJ 2009. Continued development of V. vinifera inflorescence primordia in winter dormant buds. Vitis 48(3): 103-105.
- Keller M 2015. The science of grapevines. Anatomy and Physiology. 2nd edn (Elsevier Academic Press: Burlington, MA, USA).
- Li-Mallet A, Rabot A, Geny L 2016. Factors controlling inflorescence primordia formation of grapevine: their role in latent bud fruitfulness? A review. Botany 94: 147-163, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0108.
- Lorenz DH, the late Eichhorn KW, Bleiholder H, Klose R, Meier U, Weber E 1995. Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera)- Codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 1: 100-110.
- May P, Antcliff AJ 1973. The fruitfulness of grape buds. 1. Measuring bud fruitfulness on forced single-node cuttings. Annales de l'Amelioration des Plantes (Paris). 23(1): 1-12.
- Noyce PW, Harper JDI, Steel CC, Wood RM 2015a. A new description and rate of development of inflorescence primordia over a full season in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay. Am J Enol Vitic., ajev.2015.14050; published ahead of print September 03, 2015; DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2015.14050
- Noyce PW, Harper JDI, Steel CC, Wood RM 2015b. A Practical Method of Staging Grapevine Inflorescence Primordia with Improved Description of Stages in Season One. Am J Enol Vitic., ajev.2015.14135; published ahead of print August 06, 2015; DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2015.14135
- Ramos M, Coito J, Silva H, Cunha J, Costa M, Rocheta M 2014. Flower development and sex specification in wild grapevine. BMC Genomics 15: 1095.Scholefield PB, Ward RC 1975. Scanning electron microscopy of the developmental stages of the Sultana inflorescence. Vitis 14: 14-19.
- Snyder JC 1933. Flower bud formation in the Concord grape. Bot. Gaz. 94: 771-779.
- Spada A, Caporali E, Marziani G, Failla O, Scienza A 2003. The arrest of development of useless reproductive organs in the unisexual flower of Vitis vinifera ssp silvestris. Acta Hortic. 603: 225-228. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.603.31
- Srinivasan C, Mullins MG 1981. Physiology of flowering in the grapevine–A review. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 32: 47-63.
- Srinivasan C, Mullins MG 1976. Reproductive anatomy of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): origin and development of the anlage and its derivatives. Annals of Botany 38: 1079-1084.
- Swanepoel JJ, Archer E 1988. The ontogeny and development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chenin blanc inflorescence in relation to phenological stages. Vitis 27: 133-141.
- Timmons SA, Posluszny U, Gerrath JM 2007. Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. IX. Comparative ontogeny and phylogenetic implications of Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Can J Bot 85(9): 850-859.
- Watt AM, Dunn GM, May PB, Crawford SA, Barlow EWR 2008. Development of inflorescence primordia in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay from hot and cool climates. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 14: 46-53.
Öz
After the development of inflorescence
primordia in the first season in Vitis, flower
and floral organ differentiation take place in the second season. Aim of this study
was to describe the differentiation events which occur in the compound buds and
flowers during and after budbreak, and to associate these events with the
phenological stages in Merlot (Vitis
vinifera L.) grape cultivar. In addition, size of the floral organs was
determined using microscopy, after careful examination of samples collected as
buds and flowers under microscope at every 5 to 10 days. Between March 10 and
May 10 in 2016, five interval stages (complete shaping of stamen and pistil
primordia following petal primordia formation) were added. According to the
results, differentiation of inflorescence and flower primordia occurred after
bud swelling in the spring. Approximately 3 weeks after the appearance of
inflorescence primordia, stamen and pistil were visible. The development was
complete in the following 3 weeks. Flower primordium was sighted on April 1 and
increased its size more than 900% in 5-6 weeks. Primordia of reproductive organ
was seen when the 4 leaves separated from the shoot. By the time of pistil
taking its final shape, there were 6-8 full leaves grown from the shoot and
inflorescences were easily distinguishable by the naked eye.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Grapevine Inflorescence Pistil Phenology Flower formation and development
Kaynakça
- Ağaoğlu YS 1971. A study on the differentiation and the development of floral parts in grapes (Vitis vinifera L. var.). Vitis 10:20-26.
- Alleweldt G, Ilter E 1969. Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen Blütenbildung und Triebwachstum bei Reben. Vitis 8: 286-313.
- Baggiolini M 1952. Les stades repères dans le développement annuel de la vigne et leur utilisation pratique. Revue romande d’Agriculture, de Viticulture et d’Arboriculture 8: 4-6.
- Barnard C, Thomas JC 1933. Fruit bud studies II. The Sultana: Differentiation and development of the fruit buds. J. Counc. Sci. Ind. Res. Aust. 6: 285-294.
- Caporali E, Spada A, Marziani G, Failla O, Scienza A 2003. The arrest of development of abortive reproductive organs in the unisexual flower of Vitis vinifera ssp. silvestris. Sex Plant Reprod. 15: 291-300. doı:10.1007/s00497-003 0169-5.
- Coombe BG 1995. Adoption of a system of identifying grapevine growth stages. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 1: 104-110.
- Considine JA, Knox RB 1979. Development and histochemistry of the pistil of the grape. Vitis vinifera. Ann. Bot. 43: 11-22.
- Eichhorn KW, Lorenz H 1977. Phaenologische Entwicklungstadien der Rebe. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Braunschweig) 2: 119-120.
- Gerrath JM, Posluszny U 1988. Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. II. Floral development in Vitis riparia. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 1334-1351.
- Jackes BR 1984. Revision of the Australian Vitaceae. 1. Ampelocissus Planchon. Austrobaileya 2: 81-86.
- Jones JE, Menary RC, Wilson SJ 2009. Continued development of V. vinifera inflorescence primordia in winter dormant buds. Vitis 48(3): 103-105.
- Keller M 2015. The science of grapevines. Anatomy and Physiology. 2nd edn (Elsevier Academic Press: Burlington, MA, USA).
- Li-Mallet A, Rabot A, Geny L 2016. Factors controlling inflorescence primordia formation of grapevine: their role in latent bud fruitfulness? A review. Botany 94: 147-163, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0108.
- Lorenz DH, the late Eichhorn KW, Bleiholder H, Klose R, Meier U, Weber E 1995. Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera)- Codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 1: 100-110.
- May P, Antcliff AJ 1973. The fruitfulness of grape buds. 1. Measuring bud fruitfulness on forced single-node cuttings. Annales de l'Amelioration des Plantes (Paris). 23(1): 1-12.
- Noyce PW, Harper JDI, Steel CC, Wood RM 2015a. A new description and rate of development of inflorescence primordia over a full season in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay. Am J Enol Vitic., ajev.2015.14050; published ahead of print September 03, 2015; DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2015.14050
- Noyce PW, Harper JDI, Steel CC, Wood RM 2015b. A Practical Method of Staging Grapevine Inflorescence Primordia with Improved Description of Stages in Season One. Am J Enol Vitic., ajev.2015.14135; published ahead of print August 06, 2015; DOI: 10.5344/ajev.2015.14135
- Ramos M, Coito J, Silva H, Cunha J, Costa M, Rocheta M 2014. Flower development and sex specification in wild grapevine. BMC Genomics 15: 1095.Scholefield PB, Ward RC 1975. Scanning electron microscopy of the developmental stages of the Sultana inflorescence. Vitis 14: 14-19.
- Snyder JC 1933. Flower bud formation in the Concord grape. Bot. Gaz. 94: 771-779.
- Spada A, Caporali E, Marziani G, Failla O, Scienza A 2003. The arrest of development of useless reproductive organs in the unisexual flower of Vitis vinifera ssp silvestris. Acta Hortic. 603: 225-228. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.603.31
- Srinivasan C, Mullins MG 1981. Physiology of flowering in the grapevine–A review. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 32: 47-63.
- Srinivasan C, Mullins MG 1976. Reproductive anatomy of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): origin and development of the anlage and its derivatives. Annals of Botany 38: 1079-1084.
- Swanepoel JJ, Archer E 1988. The ontogeny and development of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chenin blanc inflorescence in relation to phenological stages. Vitis 27: 133-141.
- Timmons SA, Posluszny U, Gerrath JM 2007. Morphological and anatomical development in the Vitaceae. IX. Comparative ontogeny and phylogenetic implications of Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Can J Bot 85(9): 850-859.
- Watt AM, Dunn GM, May PB, Crawford SA, Barlow EWR 2008. Development of inflorescence primordia in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay from hot and cool climates. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 14: 46-53.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 26 Aralık 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 13 Şubat 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3 |
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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