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Evaluation of Some Local and Registered Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Based on SRAP Markers

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 6, 1325 - 1336, 31.12.2023

R. Refika Akçalı Giachino

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1168608

Öz

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a member of the Asteraceae family, is an important plant grown in the world as a source of vegetable oil. In addition, it is a versatile crop that is also used as biodiesel, animal feed, spice, dye, and medicinal plant. In this study, SRAP markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and relationships between four local and three registered safflower cultivars for use in cross-breeding programs. The twelve primer combinations yielded a total of 101 bands, including 33 polymorphic bands. The level of polymorphism of SRAP markers which were represented by the average number of total bands (NTB) (8.4), the average number of polymorphic bands (NPB) (2.8), polymorphic band ratios (PBR%) (34.5%), resolving power (RP) (1.48), effective multiplex ratio (EMR) (1.17), and marker index (MI) (0.43) was low. Conversely, polymorphism information content (PIC) (0.35), Nei’s gene diversity (h) (0.36) and Shannon's information index (I) (0.55) showed a significant genetic variation in the safflower genotypes studied. The polymorphism information content of the SRAP primer combinations used in the study ranged from 0.24 to 0.46, with an average of 0.35. Genetic similarity was calculated according to Dice similarity and varied from 0.12 to 0.92, with a mean genetic similarity (GS) of 0.58. The cophenetic correlation between the Dice similarity matrix and corresponding dendrogram obtained by SRAP (r = 0.95) revealed very good compliance. The genetically close genotypes were Remzibey05 - TR64702 and TR49119 - TR42630 (GS=0.91). Also, Dinçer5-118 and Yenice5-38 were the most genetically distant varieties (GS=0.12). Dinçer5-118 was very different from other genotypes (GS=0.29).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Safflower Carthamus tinctorius SRAP markers Genetic diversity DNA fingerprint

Destekleyen Kurum

Ege Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Laboratory analysis of this research was conducted at Ege University Application and Research Centre of Seed Technology (TOTEM). I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Hulya İLBİ for giving me this opportunity.

Kaynakça

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  • Akgün, F., Akkiraz, M.S., Üçbaş, S.D., Bozcu, M., Kapan Yeşilyurt, S., & Bozcu, A. (2013). Oligocene vegetation and climate characteristics in north-west Turkey: Data from the South-western part of the Thrace Basin. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 22, 277-303. https://journals.tubitak. gov.tr/earth/vol22/iss2/8
  • Ali, F., Yılmaz, A., Nadeem, M. A., Habyarimana, E., Subaşı, I., Nawaz, M. A., Chaudhary, H.J., Shahid, M.Q., Ercişli, S., Zia, M.A., Chung, G. & Baloch, F. S. (2019). Mobile genomic element diversity in world collection of safflowers (Carthamus tinctorius L.) panel using İPBS-retrotransposon markers. PloS one, 14(2), e0211985.
  • Ali, F., Nadeem, M. A., Habyarimana, E., Yılmaz, A., Nawaz, M. A., Khalil, I. H., Ercişli, S., Chung, G., Chaudhary, H.J.& Baloch, F. S. (2020). Molecular characterization of genetic diversity and similarity centers of safflower accessions with ISSR markers. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 43, 109-121.
  • Anderson, J.A., Churchill, G.A., Autrique, J.E., Tanksley, S.D., & Sorrells, M.E. (1993). Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps. Genome, 36,181-186. https://doi.org/10.1139/g93-024
  • Asgarpanah, J., & Kazemivash, N. (2013). Photochemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 19,153-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1354-5
  • Amini, F., Saeidi, G., Arzani, A. (2008). Study of genetic diversity in safflower genotypes using agro-morphological traits and RAPD markers. Euphytica, 163,21-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10681-007-9556-6
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Bazı Yerel ve Tescilli Aspir Çeşitlerinin (Carthamus tinctorius L.) SRAP Markörleri ile Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 6, 1325 - 1336, 31.12.2023

R. Refika Akçalı Giachino

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1168608

Öz

Asteraceae familyasının bir üyesi olan aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.), bitkisel yağ kaynağı olarak dünyada yetiştirilen önemli bir bitkidir. Ayrıca biyodizel, hayvan yemi, baharat, boya ve tıbbi bitki olarak da kullanılan çok yönlü bir bitkidir. Bu çalışmada, melezleme programlarında kullanılmak üzere dört yerel ve üç tescilli aspir çeşidi arasındaki genetik çeşitliliği ve ilişkileri belirlemek için SRAP markörleri kullanılmıştır. On iki primer kombinasyonu, 33 polimorfik bant olmak üzere toplam 101 bant vermiştir. Primer başına düşen ortalama bant sayısı (NTB) (8.4), ortalama polimorfik bant sayısı (NPB) (2.8), polimorfik bant oranı (%PBR) (%34.5), çözümleme gücü (RP) (1.48), efektif multipleks oranı (EMR) (1.17) ve marker indeksi (MI) (0.43) ile incelenen SRAP markörlerinin polimorfizm seviyesi düşük bulunmuştur. Aksine, polimorfizm bilgi içeriği (PIC) (0.35), Nei'nin gen çeşitliliği (h) (0.36) ve Shannon'ın bilgi indeksi (I) (0.55), çalışılan aspir genotiplerinde önemli bir genetik varyasyon göstermiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan SRAP primer kombinasyonlarının polimorfizm bilgi içeriği (PIC) 0.24 ile 0.46 arasında değişmiş olup, ortalama 0.35 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Dice’ın benzerlik katsayısına göre hesaplanan genetik benzerlik, 0.12 ile 0.92 arasında değişmiş ve ortalama genetik benzerlik (GS) 0.58 olarak belirlenmiştir. Dice benzerlik matrisi ile SRAP tarafından elde edilen dendrogram arasındaki kofenetik korelasyon (r = 0.95) çok iyi bir uyumu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Genetik olarak en yakın çeşitler Remzibey05- TR64702 ve TR49119- TR42630 (GS=0.91) olmuştur. Dinçer5-118 ve Yenice5-38 tescilli çeşitler genetik olarak en uzak çeşitler olarak bulunmuştur. (GS=0.12). Ayrıca Dinçer5-118 diğer çeşitlerden genetik olarak çok farklı olarak belirlenmiştir. (GS=0.29).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aspir Carthamus tinctorius SRAP belirteçleri Genetik çeşitlilik DNA parmak izi

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, R. Quiros, C.F., Rahman, H., & Swati, Z.A. (2014). Genetic diversity analyses of Brassica napus accessions using SRAP molecular markers. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilisation, 12,14-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S147926211300021X
  • Akgün, F., Akkiraz, M.S., Üçbaş, S.D., Bozcu, M., Kapan Yeşilyurt, S., & Bozcu, A. (2013). Oligocene vegetation and climate characteristics in north-west Turkey: Data from the South-western part of the Thrace Basin. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 22, 277-303. https://journals.tubitak. gov.tr/earth/vol22/iss2/8
  • Ali, F., Yılmaz, A., Nadeem, M. A., Habyarimana, E., Subaşı, I., Nawaz, M. A., Chaudhary, H.J., Shahid, M.Q., Ercişli, S., Zia, M.A., Chung, G. & Baloch, F. S. (2019). Mobile genomic element diversity in world collection of safflowers (Carthamus tinctorius L.) panel using İPBS-retrotransposon markers. PloS one, 14(2), e0211985.
  • Ali, F., Nadeem, M. A., Habyarimana, E., Yılmaz, A., Nawaz, M. A., Khalil, I. H., Ercişli, S., Chung, G., Chaudhary, H.J.& Baloch, F. S. (2020). Molecular characterization of genetic diversity and similarity centers of safflower accessions with ISSR markers. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 43, 109-121.
  • Anderson, J.A., Churchill, G.A., Autrique, J.E., Tanksley, S.D., & Sorrells, M.E. (1993). Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps. Genome, 36,181-186. https://doi.org/10.1139/g93-024
  • Asgarpanah, J., & Kazemivash, N. (2013). Photochemistry, pharmacology, and medicinal properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 19,153-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1354-5
  • Amini, F., Saeidi, G., Arzani, A. (2008). Study of genetic diversity in safflower genotypes using agro-morphological traits and RAPD markers. Euphytica, 163,21-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10681-007-9556-6
  • Baloch, F.S., Kurt, C., Arıoğlu, H., & Ozkan, H. (2010). Assaying of diversity among soybean (Glycin max (L.) Merr.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes at DNA level. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 34, 285-301. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-0907-281
  • Barati, M., & Arzani, A. (2012). Genetic diversity revealed by EST-SSR markers in cultivated and wild safflower. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 44,117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse. 2012.04.013
  • Baydar, H. (2021). Tarla Bitkileri Tarımı ve Endüstrisi (Ders Notu) Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi. Tbtf-tab- Isparta. p.293 (In Turkish).
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  • Giachino, R.R.A., & Inan, D. (2019). Assessment of genetic diversity in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using RAPD markers. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 300-308. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.560936
  • Golkar, P., Arzani, A., & Rezaei, A.M. (2011). Genetic variation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) for seed quality-related traits and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12, 2664-2677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12042664
  • Golkar, P. (2018). Inheritance of carthamin and carthamidin in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of genetics, 97, 331-336. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12041-018-0909-9
  • Golkar, P., & Mokhtari, N. (2018). Molecular diversity assessment of a world collection of safflower genotypes by SRAP and SCoT molecular markers. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24,1261-1271. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12298-018-0545-0
  • Hamdan, Y.A.S., García‐Moreno, M.J., Redondo‐Nevado, J., Velasco, L., & Pérez‐Vich, B. (2011). Development and characterization of genomic microsatellite markers in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Plant Breeding, 130,237-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2010.01826.x
  • Hassani, S.M.R., Talebi, R., Pourdad, S.S., Naji, A.M., & Fayaz, F. (2020). Morphological description, genetic diversity and population structure of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) mini core collection using SRAP and SSR markers. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 34,1043-1055. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13102818.2020.1818620
  • Ilkdoğan, U. (2012). Türkiye’de Aspir Üretimi İçin Gerekli Koşullar ve Oluşturulacak Politikalar (Tez no: 978-605-4672-04-2). [Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Ekonomisi Ana Bilim Dalı]. (In Turkish).
  • Johnson, R.C., Kisha, T.J., & Evans, M.A. (2007). Characterizing safflower germplasm with AFLP molecular markers. Crop Science, 47,1728-1736. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2006.12.0757
  • Kiran, B.U., Mukta, N., Kadirvel, P., Alivelu, K., Kishore, P., Senthilvel, S., & Varaprasad, K.S. (2017). Genetic diversity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm as revealed by SSR markers. Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization, 15,1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479262115000295
  • Knowles, P.F. (1989). Safflower. In: Downey RK, Robbelen G, Ashri A (eds) Oil crops of the world. New York 363-374.
  • Kobuk, M., Ekinci, K., & Erbaş, S. (2019). Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotiplerinin fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 22(1), 89-96. DOI:10.18016/ ksutarimdoga.vi.455408
  • Köse, A. (2017). Eskişehir Koşulları Altında Bazı Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Çeşitlerinin Tarımsal Performanslarının Belirlenmesi. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 31, 1-7 (In Turkish).
  • Kumar, S., Ambreen, H., Murali, T.V., Bali, S., Agarwal, M., Kumar, A., Goel, S., & Jagannath, A. (2014). Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure in a global reference collection of 531 accessions of Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) using AFLP markers. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 33,1299-1313. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11105-014-0828-8
  • Lee, G.A., Sung, J.S., Lee, S.Y., Chung, J.W., Yi, J.Y., Kim, Y.Y., & Lee, M.C. (2014). Genetic assessment of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) collection with microsatellite markers acquired via pyrosequencing method. Molecular Ecology Resources, 14, 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12146.
  • Lei, J., Li, Y., Liu, B., Tang, T., Liu, H., Yan, X., Qin, R., & Li, G. (2013). Establishment and Optimization of SRAP-PCR and Preliminarily Analysis of Genomes in Carthamus tinctorius L. Botanical Research, 2, 62-66. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.12677/br.2013.22011
  • Li, G., & Quiros, C.F. (2001). Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), a new marker system based on a simple PCR reaction: its application to mapping and gene tagging in Brassica. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 103, 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220100570
  • Li, D., Yadong, Z., Chao, L., Tu, S., & Li, M. (2009). Optimization of SRAP-PCR reaction system in flax. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University, 16, 17-22.
  • Li, G., McVetty, P.B.E., Quiros, C.F. (2013). SRAP molecular marker technology in plant science. In: Andersen SB (ed.) Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, pp.23-43.
  • Mahasi, M.J., Wachira, F.N., Pathak, R.S., & Riungu, T.C. (2009). Genetic polymorphism in exotic safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) using RAPD markers. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science, 1, 008-012.
  • Majidi, M.M., & Zadhoush, S. (2014). Molecular and morphological variation in a world-wide collection of safflowers. Crop Science, 54, 2109-2119. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2013.12.0850
  • Mantel, N. (1967). The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Research, 27, 175-178.
  • Milbourne, D., Meyer, R., Bradshaw, J.E., Baird, E., Bonar, N., Provan, J., Powell, W., & Waugh, R. (1997). Comparison of PCR-based marker systems for the analysis of genetic relationships in cultivated Potato. Molecular Breeding, 3, 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009633005390
  • Mokhtari, N., Rahimmalek, M., Talebi, M., & Khorrami, M. (2013). Assessment of genetic diversity among and within Carthamus species using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 299, 1285-1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0796-8
  • Naik, A., Prajapat, P., Krishnamurthy, R., & Pathak, J.M. (2017). Assessment of genetic diversity in Costus pictus accessions based on RAPD and ISSR markers. 3Biotech, 7, 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13205-017-0667-z
  • Nogales-Delgado, S., Encinar, J.M., & González, J.F. (2019). Safflower Biodiesel: Improvement of its Oxidative Stability by using BHA and TBHQ. Energies, 12, 1940:1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en12101940
  • Peng, S., Feng, N., Guo, M., Chen, Y., & Guo, Q. (2008). Genetic variation of Carthamus tinctorius L. and related species revealed by SRAP analysis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 36, 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2008.03.010
  • Powell, W., Morgante, M., Andre, C., Hanafey, M., Vogel, J., Tingey, S., & Rafalski, A. (1996). The unity of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and SSR (microsatellite) markers for germplasm analysis. Molecular Breeding, 2, 25-238. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF00564200
  • Prance, G., & Nesbitt, M. (2005). The cultural history of plants. New York-London: Routledge. p.451.
  • Prevost, A., & Wilkinson, M.J. (1999). A new system of comparing PCR primers applied to ISSR fingerprinting. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 98, 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220051046
  • Rohlf, F.J. (2000). NTSYS-pc. Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System, Version 2.2. Exeter Publishing, Setauket, NY, USA.
  • Safavi, S.A., Pourdad, S.S., Taeb, M., & Khosroshahli, M. (2010). Assessment of genetic variation among safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) accessions using agro-morphological traits and molecular markers. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8 (3-4), 616-625. www.world-food.net
  • Sehgal, D., & Raina, S.N. (2005). Genotyping safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cultivars by DNA fingerprints. Euphytica, 146, 67-76. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10681-005-8496-2
  • Sehgal, D., Rajpal, V.R., Raina, S.N., Sasanuma, T., & Sasakuma, T. (2009). Assaying polymorphism at DNA level for genetic diversity diagnostics of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) World germplasm resources. Genetica, 135, 457-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-008-9292-4
  • Serrote, C.M.L., Reiniger, L.R.S., Silva, K.B., dos Santos Rabaiolli, S.M., & Stefanel, C.M. (2020). Determining the polymorphism information content of a molecular marker. Gene, 726, 144175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2019.144175
  • Talebi, M., Mokhtari, N., Rahimmalek, M., & Sahhafi, S.R. (2012). Molecular characterization of Carthamus tinctorius and C. oxyacanthus germplasm using sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Plant Omics Journal ,5, 136-142.
  • Talebi, R., Nosrati, S., Etminan, A., & Naji, A.M. (2018). Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of landrace and improved safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) germplasm using arbitrary functional gene-based molecular markers. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 32, 1183-1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2018.1499443
  • Tonguç, M., Erbas, S., & Baydar, H. (2011). Aspirde Geliştirilen Rekombinant Saf Hat Populasyonunun Genetik Harita Populasyonu Olarak Kullanma İmkânlarının Araştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 ,1-7 (In Turkish)
  • TÜİK (2022). Turkish Statistical Institute. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu http://www.tuik.gov.tr [Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2022]
  • Weiss, E.A. (1971). Safflower. In: Weiss EA (ed.) Castor, Sesame and Safflower. New York: Barnes and Noble, pp. 529-744. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0014479700005366
  • Weiss, E.A. (2000). Safflower. In: Weiss EA (ed.) Oilseed Crops. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Science Ltd. p.109.
  • Yaman, H., Tarıkahya-Hacıoglu, B., Arslan, Y., & Subasi, I. (2014). Molecular characterization of the wild relatives of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in Turkey as revealed by ISSRs. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 61, 595-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0061-6
  • Yang, Y.X., Wu, W., Zheng, Y.L., Chen, L., Liu, R.J., & Huang, C.Y. (2007). Genetic diversity and relationships among safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) analysed by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 54, 1043-1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10722-006-9192-3
  • Yeh, F.C., Yang, R.C., Boyle, T.B.J., Ye, Z.H., & Mao, J.X. (1997). POPGENE, the user-friendly shareware for population genetic analysis, version 1.31. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta, Canada.
  • Yesilyurt, M.K., Cesur, C., Aslan, V., & Yilbasi, Z. (2020). The production of biodiesel from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil as a potential feedstock and its usage in compression ignition engine: a comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109574
  • Yıldız, M., Altaf, M.T., Baloch, F.S., Koçak, M., Sadık, G., Kuzğun, C., Nadeem, M.A., Ali, F., Bedir, M. & Tunçtürk, M. (2022). Assessment of genetic diversity among 131 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) accessions using peroxidase gene polymorphism (POGP) markers. Molecular Biology Reports, 49(7), 6531-6539.
  • Yue, S.J., Tang, Y.P., Li, S.J., & Duan, J.A. (2013). Chemical and biological properties of quinochalcone C-glycosides from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Molecules, 18, 15220-15254. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181215220
  • Zhang, Y.X., Zhang, X.R., Hua, W., Wang, L.H., & Che, Z. (2010). Analysis of genetic diversity among indigenous landraces from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) core collection in China as revealed by SRAP and SSR markers. Genes Genome, 32(3), 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-009-0888-6
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article)
Yazarlar

R. Refika Akçalı Giachino 0000-0002-6473-7250

Proje Numarası Yok
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023Cilt: 26 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Akçalı Giachino, R. R. (2023). Evaluation of Some Local and Registered Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Based on SRAP Markers. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 26(6), 1325-1336. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1168608
 Kapak Resmi İndir

21082



2022-JIF = 0.500

2022-JCI = 0.170

Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi (International Peer Reviewed Journal)

       Dergimiz, herhangi bir başvuru veya yayımlama ücreti almamaktadır. (Free submission and publication)

      Yılda 6 sayı yayınlanır. (Published 6 times a year)


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