Comparison of TPH Contamination in Coastal Surface of North Aegean and Marmara Seas: Prince Islands and Gökçeada
Öz
In this study, throughout 2017, TPH values were
determined in surface water samples taken seasonally from 15 different stations
around Gökçeada and monthly from the 4 resided islands (from one spot for each)
of Princes' Islands. The water samples were extracted with dichloromethane and
the extract was passed through the cleaning apparatus and absorbances were
measured using the spectrophotometer. Concentrations
were calculated using the standard curve. TPH levels ranged from 0.24 µg L-1
to 8.94 µg L-1 in Gökçeada. The highest TPH levels was determined at
Kaleköy station located near to the port during the summer when the access to
the island became more frequent. The values in the Prince Islands ranged between
0.8 µg L-1 and 8 µg L-1. The highest value was also found
in the summer period at Büyükada station where the highest population and most
frequent transportation occurred in the island. With these findings, provided data
were compared in two regions. It was found that, although the Princes' Islands sustained
high values as a result of intensive
polluting activities, Gökçeada had a potential for high pollution due to its
location (close to the exit of Turkish Straits System) and increasing preferability.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Total petroleum hydrocarbon level Prince Islands Gökçeada Antropogenic activity Pollution
Kaynakça
- Altuğ G 2008. Sapanca Gölü’nde Bakteriyolojik Kirlilik ve Bakteriyel Metabolik Aktivite. Ed. H. Okgerman, G. ALTUĞ. Sapanca Gölü’ne Bilimsel Açıdan Bakış. TÜDAV Yayınları. No: 28. P: 132-139.
- Altuğ G, Aktan Y, Oral M, Topaloğlu B, Dede A, Keskin Ç, İşinibilir M, Çardak M, Çiftçi PS 2011. Biodiversity of the northern Aegean Sea and southern part of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Marine Biodiversity Records, 4: 1-17.
- Altuğ G, Çiftçi P, Topaloğlu B, Gürün S, Kalkan S 2013. Gökçeada (Ege Denizi) Ve Marmara Denizi Süngerlerinin Metanolik Ekstraktlarının Anti-Bakteriyel Aktivitelerinin Karşılaştırılması”. 17. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 3-6 Eylül, 52s, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Anonim 2009. Adalar Municipality internet page. http://www.adalar.bel.tr.(Erişim Tarihi : )
- Anonymous 2010. Official Journal of the European Union (2.9.2010). COMMISSION DECISION of 1 September 2010 on criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters. 2010/477/EU, L 232:14-24.
- Balcıoglu, EB 2016b. Petroleum and detergent contamination in coastal surface water from Prince Islands, Marmara Sea. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 41: 533, Kiel.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2016a. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) of Prince Islands, Marmara Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109: 640-642.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2017b. Kuzey Ege Denizi midyelerinde polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) kirliliği üzerine bir ön çalışma: Gökçeada Örneği, 19. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 12-15 Eylül, Sinop, Türkiye.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2017c. Comparison of anionic detergent concentrations (LAS) in the entrance and the exit of the Turkısh Straıts System (TSS)”. International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (ICOEST), 19-23 Ekim, Budapeşte, Macaristan.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2019a. Seasonal changes of LAS, phosphate, and chlorophyll-a concentrations in coastal surface water of the Prince Islands, Marmara Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138: 230-234.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2019b. Gökçeada Kıyısal Alan Yüzey Suyunda Anyonik Deterjan ve Fosfat Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. Pamukale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, https://doi.org/10.5505/ pajes.2018.65471. (Basımda).
- Balcıoğlu EB, Aksu A, Balkıs N, Öztürk B 2014. T-PAH Contamination In Mediterranean Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) at Various Stations Of The Turkish Straits System, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 88: 344-346.
- Balcıoğlu EB, Aksu A, Çağlar N, Öztürk B 2017a. Origin and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) of the Turkish Straits System, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 1:12-20.
- Balcıoğlu EB, Gönülal O, Güreşen SO, Aksu A, Öztürk B 2018. Comparison and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the entrance and the exit of the Turkish Straits System (TSS), Marine Pollution Bulletin, 136: 33-37.
- Bıldacı I, Ünlü S, Güven KC 2000. Oil Pollution of Eastern Mediterranean Sea, South of Turkey, Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 6(1): 1-7.
- Bouloubassi 1, Saliot A 1993a. Dissolved, particulate and sedimentary naturally-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coastal environment: geochemical significance, Marine Chemistry, 42: 127-143.
- Clark RB 1997. Marine Pollution, fourth ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 270.
- Cumalı S, Güven KC 2008. Oil pollution of Golden Horn seawater, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 14: 15-23.
- Çiftçi-Türetken PS, Altuğ G 2013. Seasonal Variations of The Levels of Total and Culturable Heterotrophic Bacteria Around Gökçeada Island (The Northern Aegean Sea), Turkey, Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 40, Marseille, France.
- Çiftçi-Türetken PS, Altuğ G 2012. Gökçeada Çevresinde (Kuzey Ege Denizi) Kültür Edilebilir Bakteri Düzeyinin Araştırılması, 21-24 Kasım 2012 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Balıkçılık ve Akuatik Bilimler Sempozyumu Özet Kitapçığı, Sayfa. 132, Eskişehir, Türkiye.
- Çiftçi-Türetken PS, Altuğ G 2016. Bacterial pollution, activity and heterotrophic diversity of the northern part of the Aegean Sea, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 1-12.
- Ehrhardt MG, Burns KA 1993. Hydrocarbons and related photo-oxidation products in Saudi Arabian Gulf coastal waters and hydrocarbons in underlying sediments and bioindicator bivalves, Mar. Poll. Bull. 27: 187-197.
- El-Gendy NS, Moustafa YM 2007. Environmental Assessment of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminating Temsah Lake, Suez Canal, Egypt, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 23(1): 11-26.
- Food and Agricultural organization (FAO) 1982. The review of the health of the oceans. FAOIIMCO/Unesco/WHO/WHOIIAEAlUnep Joint Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (Gesamp) Red Stud Gesamp. 15:08.
- Gönülal O, Öz İ, Güreşen SO, Öztürk B 2016. Abundance and composition of marine litter around Gökçeada Island (Northern Aegean Sea)”. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 19(4): 461-467.
- Gönülal O, Sezgin M, Öztürk B 2014. Diversity and bathymetric distribution of decapod crustaceans attracted to baited traps from the middle slope of the northern Aegean Sea, Crustaceana, 87 (1): 19-34.
- Güreşen SO 2013. Gökçeada Civarında Bulunan Akdeniz Taş Mercanı’nın (Cladocora caespitosa Linnaeus, 1767) Dağılımı Üzerine Çalışmalar, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye, 65 sayfa.
- Güven KC, Günday H, Okuş E, Ünlü S, Doğan E, Gezgin T, Burak S 1997. Oil Pollution of Izmit Bay. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 3:1-10.
- Güven KC, Ilgar R 2002. Oil and Detergent Pollution on Coastal Areas of Dardanelles in 1996-1997. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences 8: 3-8.
- Güven KC, Nesimigil N, Cumalı S, Yalçın A, Çoban B 2010. Oil pollution level in sea water and sediments of Turkish Straits (Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) and Golden Horn during 2004-2007, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 16(3): 253-283.
- Güven KC, Ünlü S, Bildaci I, Doğan E 1998. An Investigation on the Oil Pollution of the Eastern Mediterranean Coast of Turkey, Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences 4:51-60.
- Güven KC, Ünlü S, Okuş E, Doğan E 1995. Oli Contamination of Mytilus galloprovincialis After Nassia Accident, Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 1(2/3):67-79.
- Güven KC, Yazıcı Z, Ünlü S, Okuş E, Doğan E 1996. Oil Pollution on Sea Water and Sediments of Istanbul Straiıt, Caused by Nassia Tanker Accident. Turkish J. Mar. Sci. 2:65-89.
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 1992. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, UNEP, Vol. 20, p. 75.
- Karacık B, Okay OS, Henkelmann B, Bernhöft S, Schramm KW 2009. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and effects on marine organisms in the Istanbul Strait. Environment International, 35: 599–606.
- Karakulak FS, Erk H, Bilgin B 2006. Length–weight relationships for 47 coastal fish species from the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22: 274–278.
- Kelly, C.A., Law, R.J. and Emerson, H.S. (2000). Methods of analysing hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in marine samples. Science Series, Aquatic Environment Protection: Analytical Methods, CEFAS, Lowestoft, (12), 18pp.
- Moustafaa YM 2004. Contamination by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Egyptian Mediterranean Coasts, Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 2(1): 15-24.
- Öztürk B, Altuğ G, Çardak M, Çiftçi PS 2007. Oil pollution in surface water of the Turkish side of the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Seas. Journal of Blacksea/Mediterranean Environment, 13:207-214.
- Türkdoğan İF, Kanat G, Bayhan H 2012. Sea water quality assessment of Prince Islands' Beaches in Istanbul, Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184, 149–160.
- UNESCO 1982. Manual and Guides (Manuals for surveillance of Dissolved/ Dispersed oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in sea water and Beaches).
Kuzey Ege ve Marmara Denizleri Kıyısal Alan Yüzey Suyunda TPH Kirliliğinin Karşılaştırılması: Prens Adaları ve Gökçeada örnekleri
Öz
Bu çalışmada 2017 yılı boyunca Gökçeada çevresinden 15 ayrı istasyondan
mevsimlik ve Prens Adaları’ ndan ise yerleşim ve ulaşımın olduğu 4 adadan birer
noktadan olmak üzere aylık alınan yüzey suyu örneklerinde toplam petrol
hidrokarbon (TPH) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Örnekler, diklorometan ile
ekstraksiyondan sonra ekstraktı temizleme düzeneğinden geçirilerek, spektroflourimetrede
örneklerin absorbans ölçümleri yapılmış ve kalibrasyon eğrisi kullanılarak da TPH
konsantrasyonları hesaplanmıştır. TPH düzeyleri Gökçeada’ da 0.24 µg L-1 -
8.94 µg L-1 aralığındayken, en yüksek değer adaya ulaşımın
sıklaştığı yaz döneminde ve limana yakın olan Kaleköy istasyonunda tespit
edilmiştir. Prens Adaları’ nda ise 0.8 µg L-1 - 8 µg L-1
aralığında bulunmuştur. En yüksek değer yine yaz döneminde ve adalar içerisinde
en kalabalık olan ve ulaşımın en sık olduğu Büyükada istasyonunda ölçülmüştür.
Bu bulgularla hem bu iki bölgelerle ilgili veri sağlanmış, hem de veriler
karşılaştırılmıştır. Prens Adaları, konumu itibariyle yoğun kirletici
faaliyetlerin etkisi altında olduğundan yüksek değerlere sahip olsa da,
Gökçeada’ nın da son zamanlarda tercih edilmesiyle ulaşımın artması ve Türk
Boğazlar Sistemi’ nin çıkışına yakın olması nedeniyle, adanın zamana bağlı
artan kirlilik potansiyeline sahip olduğu ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gökçeada Prens Adaları Toplam petrol hidrokarbon düzeyi Antropojenik aktivite Kirlilik
Kaynakça
- Altuğ G 2008. Sapanca Gölü’nde Bakteriyolojik Kirlilik ve Bakteriyel Metabolik Aktivite. Ed. H. Okgerman, G. ALTUĞ. Sapanca Gölü’ne Bilimsel Açıdan Bakış. TÜDAV Yayınları. No: 28. P: 132-139.
- Altuğ G, Aktan Y, Oral M, Topaloğlu B, Dede A, Keskin Ç, İşinibilir M, Çardak M, Çiftçi PS 2011. Biodiversity of the northern Aegean Sea and southern part of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Marine Biodiversity Records, 4: 1-17.
- Altuğ G, Çiftçi P, Topaloğlu B, Gürün S, Kalkan S 2013. Gökçeada (Ege Denizi) Ve Marmara Denizi Süngerlerinin Metanolik Ekstraktlarının Anti-Bakteriyel Aktivitelerinin Karşılaştırılması”. 17. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 3-6 Eylül, 52s, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Anonim 2009. Adalar Municipality internet page. http://www.adalar.bel.tr.(Erişim Tarihi : )
- Anonymous 2010. Official Journal of the European Union (2.9.2010). COMMISSION DECISION of 1 September 2010 on criteria and methodological standards on good environmental status of marine waters. 2010/477/EU, L 232:14-24.
- Balcıoglu, EB 2016b. Petroleum and detergent contamination in coastal surface water from Prince Islands, Marmara Sea. Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Medit. 41: 533, Kiel.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2016a. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) of Prince Islands, Marmara Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 109: 640-642.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2017b. Kuzey Ege Denizi midyelerinde polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) kirliliği üzerine bir ön çalışma: Gökçeada Örneği, 19. Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu, 12-15 Eylül, Sinop, Türkiye.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2017c. Comparison of anionic detergent concentrations (LAS) in the entrance and the exit of the Turkısh Straıts System (TSS)”. International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (ICOEST), 19-23 Ekim, Budapeşte, Macaristan.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2019a. Seasonal changes of LAS, phosphate, and chlorophyll-a concentrations in coastal surface water of the Prince Islands, Marmara Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138: 230-234.
- Balcıoğlu EB 2019b. Gökçeada Kıyısal Alan Yüzey Suyunda Anyonik Deterjan ve Fosfat Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. Pamukale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, https://doi.org/10.5505/ pajes.2018.65471. (Basımda).
- Balcıoğlu EB, Aksu A, Balkıs N, Öztürk B 2014. T-PAH Contamination In Mediterranean Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) at Various Stations Of The Turkish Straits System, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 88: 344-346.
- Balcıoğlu EB, Aksu A, Çağlar N, Öztürk B 2017a. Origin and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) of the Turkish Straits System, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 1:12-20.
- Balcıoğlu EB, Gönülal O, Güreşen SO, Aksu A, Öztürk B 2018. Comparison and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the entrance and the exit of the Turkish Straits System (TSS), Marine Pollution Bulletin, 136: 33-37.
- Bıldacı I, Ünlü S, Güven KC 2000. Oil Pollution of Eastern Mediterranean Sea, South of Turkey, Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 6(1): 1-7.
- Bouloubassi 1, Saliot A 1993a. Dissolved, particulate and sedimentary naturally-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coastal environment: geochemical significance, Marine Chemistry, 42: 127-143.
- Clark RB 1997. Marine Pollution, fourth ed. Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 270.
- Cumalı S, Güven KC 2008. Oil pollution of Golden Horn seawater, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 14: 15-23.
- Çiftçi-Türetken PS, Altuğ G 2013. Seasonal Variations of The Levels of Total and Culturable Heterotrophic Bacteria Around Gökçeada Island (The Northern Aegean Sea), Turkey, Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 40, Marseille, France.
- Çiftçi-Türetken PS, Altuğ G 2012. Gökçeada Çevresinde (Kuzey Ege Denizi) Kültür Edilebilir Bakteri Düzeyinin Araştırılması, 21-24 Kasım 2012 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Balıkçılık ve Akuatik Bilimler Sempozyumu Özet Kitapçığı, Sayfa. 132, Eskişehir, Türkiye.
- Çiftçi-Türetken PS, Altuğ G 2016. Bacterial pollution, activity and heterotrophic diversity of the northern part of the Aegean Sea, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 1-12.
- Ehrhardt MG, Burns KA 1993. Hydrocarbons and related photo-oxidation products in Saudi Arabian Gulf coastal waters and hydrocarbons in underlying sediments and bioindicator bivalves, Mar. Poll. Bull. 27: 187-197.
- El-Gendy NS, Moustafa YM 2007. Environmental Assessment of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminating Temsah Lake, Suez Canal, Egypt, Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 23(1): 11-26.
- Food and Agricultural organization (FAO) 1982. The review of the health of the oceans. FAOIIMCO/Unesco/WHO/WHOIIAEAlUnep Joint Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (Gesamp) Red Stud Gesamp. 15:08.
- Gönülal O, Öz İ, Güreşen SO, Öztürk B 2016. Abundance and composition of marine litter around Gökçeada Island (Northern Aegean Sea)”. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 19(4): 461-467.
- Gönülal O, Sezgin M, Öztürk B 2014. Diversity and bathymetric distribution of decapod crustaceans attracted to baited traps from the middle slope of the northern Aegean Sea, Crustaceana, 87 (1): 19-34.
- Güreşen SO 2013. Gökçeada Civarında Bulunan Akdeniz Taş Mercanı’nın (Cladocora caespitosa Linnaeus, 1767) Dağılımı Üzerine Çalışmalar, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye, 65 sayfa.
- Güven KC, Günday H, Okuş E, Ünlü S, Doğan E, Gezgin T, Burak S 1997. Oil Pollution of Izmit Bay. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 3:1-10.
- Güven KC, Ilgar R 2002. Oil and Detergent Pollution on Coastal Areas of Dardanelles in 1996-1997. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences 8: 3-8.
- Güven KC, Nesimigil N, Cumalı S, Yalçın A, Çoban B 2010. Oil pollution level in sea water and sediments of Turkish Straits (Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) and Golden Horn during 2004-2007, Journal of Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 16(3): 253-283.
- Güven KC, Ünlü S, Bildaci I, Doğan E 1998. An Investigation on the Oil Pollution of the Eastern Mediterranean Coast of Turkey, Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences 4:51-60.
- Güven KC, Ünlü S, Okuş E, Doğan E 1995. Oli Contamination of Mytilus galloprovincialis After Nassia Accident, Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 1(2/3):67-79.
- Güven KC, Yazıcı Z, Ünlü S, Okuş E, Doğan E 1996. Oil Pollution on Sea Water and Sediments of Istanbul Straiıt, Caused by Nassia Tanker Accident. Turkish J. Mar. Sci. 2:65-89.
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. 1992. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, UNEP, Vol. 20, p. 75.
- Karacık B, Okay OS, Henkelmann B, Bernhöft S, Schramm KW 2009. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and effects on marine organisms in the Istanbul Strait. Environment International, 35: 599–606.
- Karakulak FS, Erk H, Bilgin B 2006. Length–weight relationships for 47 coastal fish species from the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22: 274–278.
- Kelly, C.A., Law, R.J. and Emerson, H.S. (2000). Methods of analysing hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in marine samples. Science Series, Aquatic Environment Protection: Analytical Methods, CEFAS, Lowestoft, (12), 18pp.
- Moustafaa YM 2004. Contamination by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Egyptian Mediterranean Coasts, Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 2(1): 15-24.
- Öztürk B, Altuğ G, Çardak M, Çiftçi PS 2007. Oil pollution in surface water of the Turkish side of the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Seas. Journal of Blacksea/Mediterranean Environment, 13:207-214.
- Türkdoğan İF, Kanat G, Bayhan H 2012. Sea water quality assessment of Prince Islands' Beaches in Istanbul, Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184, 149–160.
- UNESCO 1982. Manual and Guides (Manuals for surveillance of Dissolved/ Dispersed oil and petroleum hydrocarbons in sea water and Beaches).
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Ağustos 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 12 Şubat 2019 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Mart 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 |
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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