Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Phytochemical (Fatty Acid Composition), and Pollen Properties of Arbutus andrachne L. Shoot/Leaf Extracts from Kadirli (Osmaniye, Türkiye)

Aysun Mercimek Takcı; Kenan Canbaz; Sevil Toroglu; Menderes Çenet; Ferudun Koçer

doi:10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1789527

EN TR

Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Phytochemical (Fatty Acid Composition), and Pollen Properties of Arbutus andrachne L. Shoot/Leaf Extracts from Kadirli (Osmaniye, Türkiye)

Abstract

This study presents an interdisciplinary evaluation revealing the multifaceted biological and chemical profile of Arbutus andrachne L., an evergreen shrub species belonging to the family Ericaceae and distributed in the Mediterranean region. Plant samples were collected in 2022 from the Kadirli district (Osmaniye, Türkiye). The antibacterial activities of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated against nine bacterial strains using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH˙ radical scavenging and Fe²⁺ chelating assays. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of fatty acids was determined using the GC-FID method. The palynological (pollen morphology) characterization of Arbutus andrachne L. was also performed. Methanol and ethanol extracts exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli JM109, while the ethyl acetate extract was effective only against Staphylococcus aureus 6538. The methanol extract showed the highest total phenolic (44.51 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (21.2 mg rutin/g) contents. The strongest DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity was observed in the ethyl acetate extract (61.74%; 0.400 mg TE/g), whereas the highest metal-chelating capacity was recorded for the methanol extract (47.56%; 0.349 mg TE/g). The fixed oil content, determined by the Randall extraction method, was 1.99%, and GC–FID analysis identified 10 fatty acids. Behenic acid (19.34%) was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, while γ-linolenic acid (34.52%) was predominant among the unsaturated fatty acids. Pollen grains were of the tetrad type, with a psilate surface ornamentation and medium size, supporting species-level identification. Arbutus andrachne L. demonstrates notable antibacterial and antioxidant properties and is characterized by a rich phenolic composition, diverse fatty acid profile, and distinctive pollen morphology. A. andrachne L. represents a valuable natural resource with significant potential for applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries, owing to its pronounced antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study provides fundamental data for the use of this species in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Keywords

Kadirli (Osmaniye, Türkiye)’den Elde Edilen Arbutus andrachne L. Sürgün/Yaprak Ekstrelerinin Antibakteriyel, Antioksidan, Fitokimyasal (Yağ Asidi Bileşimi) ve Polen Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışma, Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde yayılış gösteren ve Ericaceae familyasına ait her dem yeşil bir çalı türü olan Arbutus andrachne L.’nin çok yönlü biyolojik ve kimyasal profilini ortaya koyan disiplinlerarası bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır.Bitki örnekleri 2022 yılında Kadirli (Osmaniye, Türkiye) bölgesinden toplanmıştır. Metanol, etanol ve etil asetat ekstrelerinin antibakteriyel aktiviteleri, Kirby-Bauer disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak dokuz farklı bakteri suşuna karşı test edilmiştir. Antioksidan kapasite, DPPH˙ radikal giderme ve Fe²⁺ şelatlama testleriyle belirlenmiştir. Yağ asitlerinin kalitatif ve kantitatif analizi GCFID yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Arbutus andrachne L. türünün palinolojik (polen morfolojisi) karakterizasyonudur. Metanol ve etanol ekstreleri Escherichia coli JM109’a karşı yüksek antibakteriyel aktivite gösterirken, etil asetat ekstresi yalnızca Staphylococcus aureus 6538’e karşı etkili bulunmuştur. Metanol ekstresi en yüksek toplam fenolik (44,51 mg GAE/g) ve flavonoid (21,2 mg rutin/g) içeriğine sahip olmuştur. En güçlü DPPH˙ radikal giderme aktivitesi etil asetat ekstresinde (%61,74; 0,400 mg TE/g), en yüksek metal şelatlama kapasitesi ise metanol ekstresinde (%47,56; 0,349 mg TE/g) saptanmıştır. Randall ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle belirlenen sabit yağ oranı %1.99’dur ve GC-FID analizi sonucunda on farklı yağ asidi tanımlanmıştır. Behenik asit (%19.34) doymuş, γ-linolenik asit (%34.52) ise doymamış yağ asitleri arasında en yüksek oranlara sahip bileşenlerdir. Polen taneleri tetrat tipte, psilat yüzey desenli ve orta büyüklükte olup, tür düzeyindeki tanımlamayı destekler niteliktedir. Arbutus andrachne L. belirgin antibakteriyel ve antioksidan aktiviteler sergilemekte; ayrıca zengin fenolik içerik, yağ asidi profili ve karakteristik polen morfolojisi ile dikkat çekmektedir. A. andrachne L., belirgin antioksidan ve antibakteriyel özellikleri sayesinde farmasötik ve gıda endüstrilerinde uygulamalar açısından önemli bir potansiyel taşıyan değerli bir doğal kaynaktır. Bu çalışma, türün ilaç ve gıda endüstrilerinde kullanımı için temel veri sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Supporting Institution

Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University

Project Number

NO: 2022/4-1

Thanks

The authors would like to acknowledge the Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University KSÜ BAP (scientific research projects unit) Project (NO: 2022/4-1) for financial support to the realization of these studies. The authors also would like to thank the Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, ÜSKİM (University, Industry, Public Cooperation Development Application and Research Center) and Çankırı Karatekin University, Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center for providing laboratory facilities to conducting these studies.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Plant Biotechnology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Aysun Mercimek Takcı ^*
0000-0002-3388-1153
Türkiye

Kenan Canbaz
0000-0003-4718-1251
Türkiye

Sevil Toroglu
0000-0001-8667-6383
Türkiye

Menderes Çenet
0000-0002-9644-7741
Türkiye

Ferudun Koçer
0000-0002-8749-7106
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

March 6, 2026

Publication Date

March 6, 2026

Submission Date

September 23, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1789527

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA94ZT99RX

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RIS / Bibtex

APA

Mercimek Takcı, A., Canbaz, K., Toroglu, S., Çenet, M., & Koçer, F. (2026). Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Phytochemical (Fatty Acid Composition), and Pollen Properties of Arbutus andrachne L. Shoot/Leaf Extracts from Kadirli (Osmaniye, Türkiye). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, Advanced Online Publication, 1161-1175. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1789527