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Effects of Tannins on Poultry Nutrition

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 615 - 623, 31.08.2018

Süleyman Çalışlar

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.359982

Öz

One of the most important secondary metabolite found in cereals,
legumes, vegetables and fruits is tannins. Tannins are polymeric phenolic
compounds in the amorphous structure which are nitrogen-free, hydrolyzed and
condensed forms. Tannins that can be hydrolyzed are found in smaller amounts in
plants. Condensed tannins have flavonoid units resistant to hydrolysis.

Tannins have antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial and
antiparasitic functions. On the other hand, due to their anti-nutritional
contents, they have some negative effects on poultry. According to ruminants,
poultry are more sensitive to tannins. High amounts of tannins lead to
performance losses in poultry, such as reduced appetite, reduced feed intake,
and poor absorption of nutrients etc. Tannins, also known as potent liver and
kidney poisons, cause poultry to develop bone disorders and pathological
changes at various levels in tissues, irritation in esophagus, necrosis in
crop, gizzard, and duodenum.





In
this review, the characteristics of tannins, their classification, the general
effects of tannins on feeding of poultry and practices that reduce the amount
of tannins have been examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tannin Phenolic compound Poultry nutrition

Kaynakça

  • Ağma Okur A 2010. Etlik piliçlerde yemlere aromatik yağlar ve vitamin E ilavesinin bağırsak mikrobiyolojisi ve oksidatif stabilite üzerine etkileri. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 99 s.
  • Akar F, Kaya S, Filazi A, Yarsan E 1994. Yem ve yem ham maddelerinde bulunan bazı doğal olumsuzluk faktörleri: 1. Tanen ve siyanür düzeyleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (1): 119-131.
  • Akiyama H, Fujii K, Yamasaki O, Oono T, Iwatsuki K 2001. Antibacterial action of several tannins against staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemother, 48(4): 487-491.
  • Aktaş B, Akkan S 2011. Sığır besi yemine ilave edilen meşe palamudu taneninin rumen fermantasyonuna etkilerinin rumen simulasyon tekniği (Rusitek) ile saptanması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(3): 249-254.
  • Alain MR, Kabir Akma, Amin MR, McNeill DM 2005. The effect of calcium hydroxide treatment oil the nutritive and feeding value of Albiza procera for growing goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 122(3): 134-148.
  • Arigator V, Samman S 1994 Intestinal nutrient interactions and significance. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48(1):198-204.
  • Ashok PK, Upadhyaya K 2012. Tannins are astringent. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. IC Journal No: 8192, 1(3): 45-50.
  • Atteh JO 2002. Principles and practice of livestock feed manufacturing. Aldek Printers, Ilorin, Nigeria, 10-30 s.
  • Aydın SA, Üstün F 2007. Tanenler I kimyasal yapıları, farmakolojik etkileri, analiz yöntemleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1): 21-31.
  • Bae HD, Mcallister TA, Yanke J, Cheng KJ, Muir AD 1993. Effects of condensed tannins on endoglucanase activity and filter paper digestion by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(7):2132-2138.
  • Bele AA, Varsha JM, Nikam SR, Vilasrao JK 2009. Antibacterial potential of herbal formulation. Research Journal of Microbiology, 4 (4): 164-167.
  • Chamorro S, Viveros A, Rebolé A, Rica BD, Arija I, Brenes A 2015. Influence of dietary enzyme addition on polyphenol utilization and meat lipid oxidation of chicks fed grape pomace. Food Research International,73 (1): 197-203.
  • Chung KT, Wei CI, Johnson MG 1998. Are tanens a double-edged sword in biology and health? Trends in Food Science and Technology, 9(4):168-175.
  • Diarra SS, Usman BA 2008. Growth performance and some blood variables of broiler chickens fed raw or boiled mango kernel meal. International Journal of Poultry Science, 7(4): 315-318.
  • Dillon, YM 1994. Natural antimicrobial systems and food preservation. CAB International, Oxon, 167- 179 s.
  • Doka O, Bicanic DD, Dicko MH, Slingerland MA 2004. Photoacoustic approach to direct determination of the total phenolic content in red sorghum flours. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52 (8): 2133-2136.
  • Ebadi MR, Pourreza J, Jamalian J, Edriss MA, Samie AH, Mirhadi SA 2005. Amino acid content and availability in low, medium and high tannin sorghum grain for poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4 (1): 27-31.
  • Ebrahim R, Liang JB, Jahromi MF, Shokryazdan P, Ebrahimi M, Chen WL 2015. Effects of tannic acid on performance and fatty acid composition of breast muscle in broiler chickens under heat stress. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 14 (4):572-577.
  • Edwin-Jarald E 2007. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 1st Edn., Lavoisier, New York, 377 s.
  • Ferruzzi G, Pistoia A, Balestri G, Casarosa L, Poli P 2009. Effect of different processing methods on the nutritional characteristics and tannin content of fababean seed (Vicia faba minor), Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8(2): 298-300.
  • Flores MP, Castonin JIR, McNab JM 1994. Effect of tannins on starch digestibility and TME of tritriclate and semi purified starches from tritriclate and field beans. British Poultry Science, 35(2):281-286.
  • Funatogawa K, Hayashi S, Shimomura H, Yoshida T, Hatano T, Ito H, Hirai Y 2004. Antibacterial activity of hydrolyzable tannins derived from medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology and Immunology, 48(4):251-261.
  • Gamble GR, Akin DE, Makkar HPS, Becker K 1996. Biological degradation of tannin in Sericea lespedeza by the white fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyatlms sfercoreus analysed by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(10): 3600-3604.
  • Gawel R. 1998. Red wine astringency: a review. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 4(2): 74-95.
  • Gnanamani A, Sekaran G, Babu M 2001. Removal of tannin from cross-linked and open chain polymeric tannin substrates using heme peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 24(4): 211-217.
  • Goel G, Puniya AK, Singh K 2005. Interaction of gut microflora with tannins in feeds. Naturwissenschaften, 92(11): 497-503.
  • Goun EA, Petrichenko VM, Solodnikov SU, Suhinina TV, Kline MA, Cunningham G, Nguyen C, Miles H 2002. Miles, “Anticancer and antithrombin activity of Russian plants”, Journal of Ethnopharm, 81(3): 337-342.
  • Gualtieri M, Rappaccini S 1990. Sorghum grain in poultry feeding. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 46(3): 246-254.
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Tanenlerin Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4, 615 - 623, 31.08.2018

Süleyman Çalışlar

https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.359982

Öz

Tahıl, baklagil, sebze ve meyvelerde bulunan en
önemli ikincil metabolitlerden birisi de tanenlerdir. Tanenler, azot içermeyen,
hidrolize ve kondense şekillerde olan, amorf yapıdaki polimerik fenolik
bileşiklerdir. Hidrolize olabilen tanenler bitkilerde daha az miktarlarda bulunurlar.
Kondense tanenler ise, hidroliz ile parçalanmaya dayanıklı flavonoid
ünitelerinden meydana gelmiştir.



Tanenler, antioksidan, antikanserojen,
antimikrobiyal ve antiparaziter fonksiyonlara sahiptirler. Diğer yandan anti
besinsel özellikleri nedeniyle kanatlı hayvanlar üzerinde bazı olumsuz etkileri
vardır.  Ruminantlarla
karşılaştırıldığında kanatlı hayvanlar, tanenlere karşı daha hassastırlar.
Yüksek miktardaki tanenler, kanatlı hayvanlarda iştahın azalması ve buna bağlı
olarak yem tüketiminin düşmesi, besin emiliminin kötüleşmesi vb. gibi
performans kayıplarına yol açarlar. Ayrıca güçlü bir karaciğer ve böbrek zehiri
olarak da bilinen tanenler, kanatlı hayvanların yemek borusunda tahrişe,
kursak, taşlık ve duedonumda nekrozlara, kemik bozukluklarına ve dokularda
çeşitli düzeyde patolojik değişimlerin meydana gelmesine neden olurlar.



Bu derlemede, tanenin
özellikleri, sınıflandırılması, kanatlı hayvanlarının beslenmesindeki genel
etkileri ve tanen miktarını azaltan uygulamalar incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tanen Fenolik bileşik kanatlı besleme

Kaynakça

  • Ağma Okur A 2010. Etlik piliçlerde yemlere aromatik yağlar ve vitamin E ilavesinin bağırsak mikrobiyolojisi ve oksidatif stabilite üzerine etkileri. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 99 s.
  • Akar F, Kaya S, Filazi A, Yarsan E 1994. Yem ve yem ham maddelerinde bulunan bazı doğal olumsuzluk faktörleri: 1. Tanen ve siyanür düzeyleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (1): 119-131.
  • Akiyama H, Fujii K, Yamasaki O, Oono T, Iwatsuki K 2001. Antibacterial action of several tannins against staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemother, 48(4): 487-491.
  • Aktaş B, Akkan S 2011. Sığır besi yemine ilave edilen meşe palamudu taneninin rumen fermantasyonuna etkilerinin rumen simulasyon tekniği (Rusitek) ile saptanması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48(3): 249-254.
  • Alain MR, Kabir Akma, Amin MR, McNeill DM 2005. The effect of calcium hydroxide treatment oil the nutritive and feeding value of Albiza procera for growing goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 122(3): 134-148.
  • Arigator V, Samman S 1994 Intestinal nutrient interactions and significance. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48(1):198-204.
  • Ashok PK, Upadhyaya K 2012. Tannins are astringent. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. IC Journal No: 8192, 1(3): 45-50.
  • Atteh JO 2002. Principles and practice of livestock feed manufacturing. Aldek Printers, Ilorin, Nigeria, 10-30 s.
  • Aydın SA, Üstün F 2007. Tanenler I kimyasal yapıları, farmakolojik etkileri, analiz yöntemleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1): 21-31.
  • Bae HD, Mcallister TA, Yanke J, Cheng KJ, Muir AD 1993. Effects of condensed tannins on endoglucanase activity and filter paper digestion by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(7):2132-2138.
  • Bele AA, Varsha JM, Nikam SR, Vilasrao JK 2009. Antibacterial potential of herbal formulation. Research Journal of Microbiology, 4 (4): 164-167.
  • Chamorro S, Viveros A, Rebolé A, Rica BD, Arija I, Brenes A 2015. Influence of dietary enzyme addition on polyphenol utilization and meat lipid oxidation of chicks fed grape pomace. Food Research International,73 (1): 197-203.
  • Chung KT, Wei CI, Johnson MG 1998. Are tanens a double-edged sword in biology and health? Trends in Food Science and Technology, 9(4):168-175.
  • Diarra SS, Usman BA 2008. Growth performance and some blood variables of broiler chickens fed raw or boiled mango kernel meal. International Journal of Poultry Science, 7(4): 315-318.
  • Dillon, YM 1994. Natural antimicrobial systems and food preservation. CAB International, Oxon, 167- 179 s.
  • Doka O, Bicanic DD, Dicko MH, Slingerland MA 2004. Photoacoustic approach to direct determination of the total phenolic content in red sorghum flours. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52 (8): 2133-2136.
  • Ebadi MR, Pourreza J, Jamalian J, Edriss MA, Samie AH, Mirhadi SA 2005. Amino acid content and availability in low, medium and high tannin sorghum grain for poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science, 4 (1): 27-31.
  • Ebrahim R, Liang JB, Jahromi MF, Shokryazdan P, Ebrahimi M, Chen WL 2015. Effects of tannic acid on performance and fatty acid composition of breast muscle in broiler chickens under heat stress. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 14 (4):572-577.
  • Edwin-Jarald E 2007. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 1st Edn., Lavoisier, New York, 377 s.
  • Ferruzzi G, Pistoia A, Balestri G, Casarosa L, Poli P 2009. Effect of different processing methods on the nutritional characteristics and tannin content of fababean seed (Vicia faba minor), Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8(2): 298-300.
  • Flores MP, Castonin JIR, McNab JM 1994. Effect of tannins on starch digestibility and TME of tritriclate and semi purified starches from tritriclate and field beans. British Poultry Science, 35(2):281-286.
  • Funatogawa K, Hayashi S, Shimomura H, Yoshida T, Hatano T, Ito H, Hirai Y 2004. Antibacterial activity of hydrolyzable tannins derived from medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology and Immunology, 48(4):251-261.
  • Gamble GR, Akin DE, Makkar HPS, Becker K 1996. Biological degradation of tannin in Sericea lespedeza by the white fungi Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Cyatlms sfercoreus analysed by solid state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(10): 3600-3604.
  • Gawel R. 1998. Red wine astringency: a review. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 4(2): 74-95.
  • Gnanamani A, Sekaran G, Babu M 2001. Removal of tannin from cross-linked and open chain polymeric tannin substrates using heme peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 24(4): 211-217.
  • Goel G, Puniya AK, Singh K 2005. Interaction of gut microflora with tannins in feeds. Naturwissenschaften, 92(11): 497-503.
  • Goun EA, Petrichenko VM, Solodnikov SU, Suhinina TV, Kline MA, Cunningham G, Nguyen C, Miles H 2002. Miles, “Anticancer and antithrombin activity of Russian plants”, Journal of Ethnopharm, 81(3): 337-342.
  • Gualtieri M, Rappaccini S 1990. Sorghum grain in poultry feeding. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 46(3): 246-254.
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  • Kaya İ, Yalçın S 1999. Baklagil tane yemleri ve ruminant rasyonlarında kullanımı. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39(1): 101-114.
  • Kaya S, Yavuz H 1993. Yem ve yem hammaddelerinde bulunan olumsuzluk faktörleri ve hayvanlara yönelik etkileri. 1: Organik nitelikli olumsuzluk faktörleri. Ankara Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 40 (4): 586-614.
  • Khanbabaee K, Ree T 2001. Tannins: Classification and definition. Natural Product Reports,18(6): 641-649.
  • Kolodziej H, Kiderlen AF 2005. Antileishmanial activity and immune modulatory effects of tannins and related compounds on Leishmania parasitised RAW 264.7 cells. Phytochemistry, 66(17): 2056-2071.
  • Kubena LF, Byrd JA, Young CR, Corrier DE 2001. Effects of tannic acid on cecal volatile fatty acids and susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 80(9): 1293-1298.
  • Kuloğlu R 2007. Tanik asidin rumen bakterilerinin bazı fibrolitik enzimlerine etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni ABD, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 37 s.
  • Kumar V, Ecangovan AV, Mandal AB 2005. Utilization of reconstituted high tannin sorghum in the diet of broiler chickens. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 18(4): 538-544.
  • Kumar V, Elangovan AV, Mandal AB, Tyagi PK, Bhanja SK, Dash BB 2007. Effects of feeding raw or reconstituted high tannin red sorghum on nutrient utilisation and certain welfare parameters of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 48 (2): 198-20.
  • Lewis NG, Yamamoto E 1989. Tannins: Their place in plant metabolism. In: chemistry and significance of condensed tannins. Hemingway RW and Karchesy JJ (eds). Plennum Press, New York, 22-46 s.
  • Lin MK, Chang BY, Liao JT, Lin NS, Hsu YH 2004. Arg-16 and Arg-21 in the N-terminal region of the triple-gene-block protein 1 of Bamboo mosaic virus are essential for virus movement. Journal of General Virology, 85(Pt 1): 251-259.
  • Longstaff MA, McNab JM 1991. The inhibitory effects of hull polysaccharides and tannins of field beans (Vicia faba L.) on the digestion of amino acids, starch and lipid and on digestive enzyme activities in young chicks. British Journal of Nutrition, 65(2): 199-216.
  • Mahmood S, Khan MA, Sarwar M, Nisa M 2006. Chemical treatments to reduce antinutritional factors in salseed (Shorea robusta) meal: Effect on nutrient digestibility in colostomized hens and intact broilers. Poultry Science, 85(12): 2207-2215.
  • Makkar HPS, Singh B 1991. Distribution of condensed tannins in various fibre fractions in young and mature leaves of some oak species. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 32(4):253-260.
  • Makkar HPS, Singh B 1993. Effect of dosage and urea addition on detannification and in sacco dry matter digestibility of mature oak leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 41(3):247-259.
  • Makkar HPS 2003. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49(3): 241-256.
  • Marquardt RR 1989. Dietary effects of tannins, vicine and convicine. In: Huisman, J., van der Poel, A.F.B. and Liener, I.E. (Eds.), Recent advances research. antinutritonal factors in legume seeds, Proc. 1st Int. Workshop, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 141-155 s.
  • Martin JS, Michael MM 1983. Tannin assays in ecological studies precipitation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenaseby tannic acid, quebracho, and oak foliage extracts, Journal of Chemical Ecology, 9(2): 285-294.
  • Martin-Tanguy J, Guillaume J, Kossa A 1977. Condensed tannins in horse bean wed: chemical structure and apparent effect on poultry. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 28(8): 757-766.
  • Marzo F, Tosar A, Santidrian S 1990. Effect of tannic acid on the immune response of growing chickens. Journal of Animal Science, 68 (10): 3306-3312.
  • Mayes PA 1993. Lipitlerin fizyolojik önemi. Harper’ın biyokimyası, Ed. R. Murray, P.A. Mayes, D.K. Granner, V.W. Rodwell, Çeviri: Prof. Dr. Gülriz Menteş, Prof. Dr. Biltan Ersöz, Barış Kitabevi; ISBN: 975-95 331-1-1, 171- 185 s.
  • McCune ML, Johns T 2002. Antioxidant activity in medicinal plants associated with the symptomps of diabetus mellitus used by the indigenous peoples of the North American boreal forest, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 82(2-3): 197-205.
  • Medugu CI, Saleh B, Igwebuike JU, Ndirmbita RL 2012. Strategies to improve the utilization of tannin-rich feed materials by poultry. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11(6): 417-427.
  • Min BR, Barry TN, Attwood GT, McNabb WC 2013. The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 106(3): 3-19.
  • Musharaf NA, Latshaw JD 1991. Effect of tannin extraction on the feeding value of grain sorghum in broiler starter diets. Sudan Journal of Animal Production, 4(1): 53-64.
  • Naveena BM, Sen AR, Vaithiyanathan S, Babji Y, Kondaiah N 2008. Comparative efficacy of pomegranate juice, pomegranate rind powder and BHT in cooked chicken patties. Meat Science, 80(4):1304-308.
  • Nyachoti CM, Atkinson JL, Leeson S 1997. Sorghum tannins:A review. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 53(1):5-21.
  • Ogundipe, SO, Damang PJ, Dafwang II, Abu EA, 2008. Biochemical evaluation of raw and cooked African locust bean seeds (Parkia spp) for poultry feeding. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), 15th-19th Sept., 2008. ABU, Zaria, Nigeria, 586-589 s.
  • Olomu JM 1995. Monogastric Animal Nutrition: Principles and practice. A Jackem Publication Benin City (1st Edn.), 285 s.
  • Ortiz LT, Alzueta C, Trevino J, Castano M 1994. Effects of faba bean tannins on the growth and histological structure of the intestinal tract and liver of chicks and rats. British Poultry Science, 35(5): 743-754.
  • Reed JD 1995. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes. Journal of Animal Science, 73(5): 1516-1528.
  • Reyes Sanchez E, Cortez Cuevas A, Morales Barrera E, Avila Gonzalez E 2000. DL-methionine addition in high tannin sorghum grain diets for broilers. Tecnica Pecuaria on Mexico, 38(1):1-8.
  • Rezar V, Salobir J 2014. Effects of tannin-rich sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa mill.) wood extract supplementation on nutrient utilisation and excreta dry matter content in broiler chickens. European Poultry Science;78(1):1-10.
  • Rojas JBU, Verreth JAJ, Van Weer JH, Huisman EA 2002. Effect of different chemical treatments on the nutritional and antinutritional properties of coffee pulp. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 99(1):195-204.
  • Salunkhe, DK, Chavan JK, Kadam SS 1989. Dietary tannins: Consequenses and Remedies. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 208 s.
  • Schofield P, Mbugua DM, Pell AN 2001. Analysis of condensed tannins: a Review. Animal Feed Science and Tecnology, 91(1): 21-40.
  • Selle PH, Cadogan DJ, Li X, Bryden WL 2010. Review; Implications of sorghum in broiler chicken nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 156 (3-4): 57-74.
  • Silanikove N, Nitsan Z, Perevolotsky A 1994. The effect of daily suplementation of polyetyhelene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Ceratonia siliqua) by sheep. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42(12): 2844-2847.
  • Silanikove N, Perevolotsky A, Provenza FD 2001. Use of tannin-binding chemicals to assay for tannins and their negative postingestive effects in ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 91(1-2): 69-81.
  • Singleton VL, Kratzer FH 1969. Toxicity and related physiological activity of phenolic substances of plant origin. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, 17 (3):497-512.
  • Starčević K, Krstulović L, Brozić D, Maurić M, Stojević Z, Mikulec Ž, Bajić M, Mašek T 2015. Production performance, meat composition and oxidative susceptibility in broiler chicken fed with different phenolic compounds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(6): 1172-1178.
  • Şener S, Yıldırım M 2000. Veteriner Toksikoloji. Teknik Yayıncılık, 221-223 s.
  • Üstün F, Aydın SA 2007. Tanenler. 2. Toksisiteleri, beslenme üzerine etkileri, detannifikasyon. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1): 33-41.
  • Vitti, DMSS, Nozella EF, Abdalla AL, Bueno ICS, Silva Filho JC, Costa C, Bueno MS, Longo C, Vieira MEQ, Cabral Filho SLS, Godoy PB, Mueller-Harvey I 2005. The effect of drying and urea treatment on nutritional and anti-nutritional components of browses collected during wet and dry seasons. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 122(1-2): 123-133.
  • Wina E, Tangendjaja B, Susana IWR 2005. Effects of chopping and soaking in water, hydrochloric acidic and calcium hydroxide solutions on the nutritional value of Acacia viilosa for goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 122(1-2): 79-92.
  • Yalçın S 2013. Yemlerde antinutrisyonel faktörler, yemler ve yem hijyeni ve teknolojisi, genişletilmiş 5. baskı. Ankara Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, 261-286 s.
  • Yavuz H, Akar F, Kerman M, Şanlı Y, Yarsan E, Filazi A 1997. Türkiye’de üretilen veya ithal edilen yem ve yem ham maddelerinin hayvan sağlığı ve verimliliği yönünden önem taşıyan nitrat-nitrit, tannik asit ve siyanür içerikleri üzerine araştırmalar. Etlik Veterinerlik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 9 (1): 57-88.
  • Yilmaz Y, Toledo RT 2004. Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: Antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid.. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 52 (2): 255-260.
  • Živković J, Mujić I, Zeković Z, Nikolić G, Vidović S, Mujić A 2009. Extraction and analysis of condensed tannins in Castanea sativa Mill. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 10 (3): 283-288.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm DERLEME MAKALE (Review Article)
Yazarlar

Süleyman Çalışlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Kabul Tarihi 15 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışlar, S. (2018). Tanenlerin Kanatlı Hayvan Beslemede Etkileri. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım Ve Doğa Dergisi, 21(4), 615-623. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksudobil.359982
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