Investigation of Flower, Leaf, and Stem Parts of Three Gundelia Species Growth in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye from a Biochemical Perspective
Öz
13 species of Gundelia species plants are endemic in Türkiye and are frequently used by the public for both nutrition and medicinal objectives. In this study, three parts (flower, leaf, and stem) of three species of Gundelia (G.dersim, G.glabra, and G.munzurensis) were biochemically investigated. DPPH and ABTS analyses for antioxidant activity were performed on methanol extracts of plant parts. As a result of both analysis in parallel, the flower part of G.munzurensis had the highest %Inhibition value (DPPH:91,85±0,78; ABTS:97,38±0) (P<0.001). In total phenolic (29,09 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid (5,59 mg CE/g) measurements, the highest amount was found statistically quite significant (P<0.001) in the leaf part of G.munzurensis. Gallic, vanillic, ferulic, rosmaniric, and cinnamic acids, which are phenolic acids and of the flavonoids, rutin, catechin, naringin, and naringenin, were determined in all plant parts. Vitamin D3, alpha-tocopherol, ergosterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sterol were detected in parts of all plant species. While palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) fatty acids as the main fatty acids were detected in all parts of the three Gundelia species, lauric (12:0), tridecanoic (13:0), myristic (14:0), pentadecanoic (15:0), cis-10-pentadecanoic (15:1), heptadecanoic (17:0), cis-10-heptadecanoic (17:1), and henicosanoic (21:0) acids were also identified at different concentrations. Considering the biochemical properties of Gundelia species, it shows that they can be consumed as food and also used pharmacologically.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gundelia Antioxidant activity Fatty acids Vitamins Phenolic acids Flavonoids
Destekleyen Kurum
Fırat University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (FÜBAP)
Proje Numarası
EF.21.07
Teşekkür
This study was supported by Fırat University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (FÜBAP) with the project for which the EF.21.07 protocol was made. We thank the Research Projects Management Unit.
Kaynakça
- Aruoma, O.I., Bahorun, T., Jen, & L.-S., (2003). Neuroprotection by bioactive components in medicinal and food plant extracts. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 544, 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.06.017
- Asadi-Samani, M., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., & Azimi, N., (2013). Gundelia: a systematic review of medicinal and molecular perspective. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS 16, 1238-1247. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1238.1247
- Asghari, J., Bagheri, T., & Shakeri, A., (2015). Investigation of caffeine and chlorogenic acid, essential oil and fatty acid of Gundelia tournefortii L. Zeitschrift für Arznei-& Gewürzpflanzen 20, 122-126.
- BingMaps. Access:11.06.2024. https://www.bing.com/ maps? mepi=24%7E%7ETopOfPage%7ELargeMapLink&ty=18&q=Tunceli%2C+Tunceli&vdpid=7253042960965566466&mb=39.365948%7E39.312855%7E38.89798%7E39.783539&ppois=39.1319637298584_39.54819679260254_Tunceli%2C+Tunceli_%7E&v=2&sV=1&FORM=MIRE&qpvt=tunceli+google+maps&cp=39.132504%7E39.563033&lvl=11.0
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.-E., & Berset, C., (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food ScienceScience and Technology 28, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0023-6438(95)80008-5
- Christie, W.W., (1989). Gas chromatography and lipids: a practical guide. (No Title).
- Coruh, N., Celep, A.S.d.l., Özgökçe, F., & İşcan, M., (2007). Antioxidant capacities of Gundelia tournefortii L. extracts and inhibition on glutathione-S-transferase activity. Food Chemistry 100, 1249-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem. 2005.12.008
- Dalar, A., Zengin, G., Mukemre, M., Bengu, A., & İşler, S., (2019). Gundelia rosea seed: Evaluation of biopharmaceutical potential and bioactive composition. South African Journal of Botany 125, 505-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.024
- de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, M., Zengin, G., Leyva-Jiménez, F.J., Fernández-Ochoa, Á., Sinan, K.I., Cakilcioglu, U., Babacan, E.Y., Mahomoodally, M.F., Picot-Allain, C., & Xiao, J., (2020). A comparative assessment of biological activities of Gundelia dersim Miller and Gundelia glabra Vitek, Yüce & Ergin extracts and their chemical characterization via HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. Process biochemistry 94, 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.procbio.2020.04.002
- Dragovic-Uzelac, V., Delonga, K., Levaj, B., Djakovic, S., & Pospisil, J., (2005). Phenolic profiles of raw apricots, pumpkins, and their purees in the evaluation of apricot nectar and jam authenticity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 53, 4836-4842. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040494+
- Ertas, A., Firat, M., Yener, I., Akdeniz, M., Yigitkan, S., Bakir, D., Cakir, C., Abdullah Yilmaz, M., Ozturk, M., & Kolak, U., (2021). Phytochemical Fingerprints and Bioactivities of Ripe Disseminules (Fruit‐Seeds) of Seventeen Gundelia (Kenger‐Kereng Dikeni) Species from Anatolia with Chemometric Approach. Chemistry & Biodiversity 18, e2100207. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv. 202100207
- Farhang, H.R., Vahabi, M.R., & Allafchian, A.R., (2016). Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Gundelia tournefortii L.(Asteraceae) from Central Zagros, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Herbs 6, 227-233.
- Gundogdu, M., (2013). Determination of antioxidant capacities and biochemical compounds of Berberis vulgaris L. fruits. Advances in Environmental Biology 7, 344-348.
- Haghi, G., Hatami, A., & Arshi, R., (2011). Distribution of caffeic acid derivatives in Gundelia tournefortii L. Food chemistry 124, 1029-1035. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.069
- Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, F., Alizadeh, M., Mohammadzadeh, M.H.S., Alizadeh-Salteh, S., & Kheirouri, S., (2016). Effect of Gundelia tournefortii L. extracts on lipid profile and TAC in patients with coronary artery disease: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Herbal Medicine 6, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hermed.2016.02.001
- Katsanidis, E. & Addis, P.B., (1999). Novel HPLC analysis of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and cholesterol in tissue. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 27, 1137-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849 (99)00205-1
- Khanzadeh, F., HADDAD, K.M., ELHAMI, R.A., & Rahmani, F., (2012). Physiochemical properties of Gundelia tournefortii L. seed oil.
- Kim, D.-O., Jeong, S.W., & Lee, C.Y., (2003). Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food chemistry 81, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02) 00423-5
- Lopez-Cervantes, J., Sanchez-Machado, D., & Rios-Vazquez, N., (2006). High-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of retinol, α-tocopherol, and cholesterol in shrimp waste hydrolysate. Journal of Chromatography A 1105, 135-139. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.010
- Losso, J.N., Shahidi, F., & Bagchi, D., (2007). Anti-angiogenic functional and medicinal foods. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420015584
- Mahmood, A.M., Sallo, A.K., & Hasan, M.A., (2014). Chemical components and antibacterial activity of Gundelia tournefortii (L.) Compositae/Asteraceae (Iraq, Kurdistan Region, Sulaymaniyah, Penjwin area,“Kokhalan”). J. Indian Chem. Soc 91, 2107-2111.
- Matthäus, B. & Özcan, M., (2011). Chemical evaluation of flower bud and oils of tumbleweed (Gundelia tourneforti L.) as a new potential nutrition sources. Journal of Food Biochemistry 35, 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514. 2010.00449.x
- Mikail, A., Akbulut, G.B., & Taşar, N., (2021). Anatomical, Palynological and Biochemical Studies on Gundelia dersim Vitek, Yüce & Ergin (Asteraceae) an Endemic of Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11, 1781-1791. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.874625
- Naczk, M. & Shahidi, F., (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. Journal of chromatography A 1054, 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.059
- Nakatani, N., Kayano, S.-i., Kikuzaki, H., Sumino, K., Katagiri, K., & Mitani, T., (2000). Identification, quantitative determination, and antioxidative activities of chlorogenic acid isomers in prune (Prunus domestica L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 5512-5516. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000422s
- Pellegrini, N., Serafini, M., Colombi, B., Del Rio, D., Salvatore, S., Bianchi, M., & Brighenti, F., (2003). Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. The Journal of nutrition 133, 2812-2819. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/ 133.9.2812
- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C., (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine 26, 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0891-5849(98)00315-3
- Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., (1999). [14] Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent, Methods in enzymology. Elsevier, 152-178. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
- Škerget, M., Kotnik, P., Hadolin, M., Hraš, A.R., Simonič, M., & Knez, Ž., (2005). Phenols, proanthocyanidins, flavones and flavonols in some plant materials and their antioxidant activities. Food chemistry 89, 191-198. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.025
- Sultana, B., Anwar, F., & Przybylski, R., (2007). Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food chemistry 104, 1106-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.019
- Vitek, E., Yüce, E. & Çakılcıoğlu, U., (2017). Gundelia glabra Miller (Compositae)–an ignored taxon. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie 119, 235-242.
- Zu, Y., Li, C., Fu, Y., & Zhao, C., (2006). Simultaneous determination of catechin, rutin, quercetin kaempferol and isorhamnetin in the extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves by RP-HPLC with DAD. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 41, 714-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.052
Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinde Yetişen Üç Gundelia Türünün Çiçek, Yaprak ve Gövde Kısımlarının Biyokimyasal Açıdan İncelenmesi
Öz
Gundelia türü bitkilerden 13 tür Türkiye'de endemik olup halk tarafından hem beslenme hem de tıbbi amaçlarla sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Gundelia'ya ait üç türe (G.dersim, G.glabra ve G.munzurensis) ait üç kısım (çiçek, yaprak ve gövde) biyokimyasal olarak incelenmiştir. Antioksidan aktiviteye yönelik DPPH ve ABTS analizleri bitki parçalarının metanol ekstraktlarında yapıldı. Her iki analizin paralel olarak yapılması sonucunda G.munzurensis'in çiçek kısmı en yüksek % İnhibisyon değerine sahip olmuştur (DPPH:91,85±0,78; ABTS:97,38±0) (P<0.001). Toplam fenolik (29,09 mg GAE/g) ve toplam flavonoid (5,59 mg CE/g) ölçümlerinde en yüksek miktar G.munzurensis'in yaprak kısmında istatistiksel olarak oldukça anlamlı (P<0.001) bulunmuştur. Fenolik asitlerden gallik, vanilik, ferulik, rosmanirik ve sinnamik asitler ile flavonoidlerden rutin, kateşin, naringin ve naringenin tüm bitki kısımlarında tespit edilmiştir. Tüm bitki türlerinin bazı kısımlarında D3 vitamini, alfa-tokoferol, ergosterol, stigmasterol ve beta-sterol tespit edildi. Başlıca yağ asitleri palmitik (16:0), palmitoleik (16:1), stearik (18:0), oleik (18:1), linoleik (18:2) ve linolenik (18:3) yağ asitleridir. laurik (12:0), tridekanoik (13:0), miristik (14:0), pentadekanoik (15:0), cis-10-pentadekanoik (15:1), üç Gundelia türünün tüm kısımlarında tespit edildi. heptadekanoik (17:0), cis-10-heptadekanoik (17:1) ve henikosanoik (21:0) asitler de farklı konsantrasyonlarda tanımlandı. Gundelia türlerinin biyokimyasal özellikleri dikkate alındığında gıda olarak tüketilebildiği gibi farmakolojik olarak da kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Gundelia Antioksidan aktivite Yağ asitleri Vitaminler Fenolik asitler Flavonoidler
Proje Numarası
EF.21.07
Kaynakça
- Aruoma, O.I., Bahorun, T., Jen, & L.-S., (2003). Neuroprotection by bioactive components in medicinal and food plant extracts. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 544, 203-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.06.017
- Asadi-Samani, M., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., & Azimi, N., (2013). Gundelia: a systematic review of medicinal and molecular perspective. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS 16, 1238-1247. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2013.1238.1247
- Asghari, J., Bagheri, T., & Shakeri, A., (2015). Investigation of caffeine and chlorogenic acid, essential oil and fatty acid of Gundelia tournefortii L. Zeitschrift für Arznei-& Gewürzpflanzen 20, 122-126.
- BingMaps. Access:11.06.2024. https://www.bing.com/ maps? mepi=24%7E%7ETopOfPage%7ELargeMapLink&ty=18&q=Tunceli%2C+Tunceli&vdpid=7253042960965566466&mb=39.365948%7E39.312855%7E38.89798%7E39.783539&ppois=39.1319637298584_39.54819679260254_Tunceli%2C+Tunceli_%7E&v=2&sV=1&FORM=MIRE&qpvt=tunceli+google+maps&cp=39.132504%7E39.563033&lvl=11.0
- Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.-E., & Berset, C., (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food ScienceScience and Technology 28, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0023-6438(95)80008-5
- Christie, W.W., (1989). Gas chromatography and lipids: a practical guide. (No Title).
- Coruh, N., Celep, A.S.d.l., Özgökçe, F., & İşcan, M., (2007). Antioxidant capacities of Gundelia tournefortii L. extracts and inhibition on glutathione-S-transferase activity. Food Chemistry 100, 1249-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem. 2005.12.008
- Dalar, A., Zengin, G., Mukemre, M., Bengu, A., & İşler, S., (2019). Gundelia rosea seed: Evaluation of biopharmaceutical potential and bioactive composition. South African Journal of Botany 125, 505-510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.024
- de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea, M., Zengin, G., Leyva-Jiménez, F.J., Fernández-Ochoa, Á., Sinan, K.I., Cakilcioglu, U., Babacan, E.Y., Mahomoodally, M.F., Picot-Allain, C., & Xiao, J., (2020). A comparative assessment of biological activities of Gundelia dersim Miller and Gundelia glabra Vitek, Yüce & Ergin extracts and their chemical characterization via HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. Process biochemistry 94, 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.procbio.2020.04.002
- Dragovic-Uzelac, V., Delonga, K., Levaj, B., Djakovic, S., & Pospisil, J., (2005). Phenolic profiles of raw apricots, pumpkins, and their purees in the evaluation of apricot nectar and jam authenticity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 53, 4836-4842. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040494+
- Ertas, A., Firat, M., Yener, I., Akdeniz, M., Yigitkan, S., Bakir, D., Cakir, C., Abdullah Yilmaz, M., Ozturk, M., & Kolak, U., (2021). Phytochemical Fingerprints and Bioactivities of Ripe Disseminules (Fruit‐Seeds) of Seventeen Gundelia (Kenger‐Kereng Dikeni) Species from Anatolia with Chemometric Approach. Chemistry & Biodiversity 18, e2100207. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv. 202100207
- Farhang, H.R., Vahabi, M.R., & Allafchian, A.R., (2016). Chemical compositions of the essential oil of Gundelia tournefortii L.(Asteraceae) from Central Zagros, Iran. Journal of Medicinal Herbs 6, 227-233.
- Gundogdu, M., (2013). Determination of antioxidant capacities and biochemical compounds of Berberis vulgaris L. fruits. Advances in Environmental Biology 7, 344-348.
- Haghi, G., Hatami, A., & Arshi, R., (2011). Distribution of caffeic acid derivatives in Gundelia tournefortii L. Food chemistry 124, 1029-1035. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.069
- Hajizadeh-Sharafabad, F., Alizadeh, M., Mohammadzadeh, M.H.S., Alizadeh-Salteh, S., & Kheirouri, S., (2016). Effect of Gundelia tournefortii L. extracts on lipid profile and TAC in patients with coronary artery disease: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Herbal Medicine 6, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.hermed.2016.02.001
- Katsanidis, E. & Addis, P.B., (1999). Novel HPLC analysis of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and cholesterol in tissue. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 27, 1137-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849 (99)00205-1
- Khanzadeh, F., HADDAD, K.M., ELHAMI, R.A., & Rahmani, F., (2012). Physiochemical properties of Gundelia tournefortii L. seed oil.
- Kim, D.-O., Jeong, S.W., & Lee, C.Y., (2003). Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums. Food chemistry 81, 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02) 00423-5
- Lopez-Cervantes, J., Sanchez-Machado, D., & Rios-Vazquez, N., (2006). High-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous quantification of retinol, α-tocopherol, and cholesterol in shrimp waste hydrolysate. Journal of Chromatography A 1105, 135-139. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.010
- Losso, J.N., Shahidi, F., & Bagchi, D., (2007). Anti-angiogenic functional and medicinal foods. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420015584
- Mahmood, A.M., Sallo, A.K., & Hasan, M.A., (2014). Chemical components and antibacterial activity of Gundelia tournefortii (L.) Compositae/Asteraceae (Iraq, Kurdistan Region, Sulaymaniyah, Penjwin area,“Kokhalan”). J. Indian Chem. Soc 91, 2107-2111.
- Matthäus, B. & Özcan, M., (2011). Chemical evaluation of flower bud and oils of tumbleweed (Gundelia tourneforti L.) as a new potential nutrition sources. Journal of Food Biochemistry 35, 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514. 2010.00449.x
- Mikail, A., Akbulut, G.B., & Taşar, N., (2021). Anatomical, Palynological and Biochemical Studies on Gundelia dersim Vitek, Yüce & Ergin (Asteraceae) an Endemic of Turkey. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 11, 1781-1791. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.874625
- Naczk, M. & Shahidi, F., (2004). Extraction and analysis of phenolics in food. Journal of chromatography A 1054, 95-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.059
- Nakatani, N., Kayano, S.-i., Kikuzaki, H., Sumino, K., Katagiri, K., & Mitani, T., (2000). Identification, quantitative determination, and antioxidative activities of chlorogenic acid isomers in prune (Prunus domestica L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 5512-5516. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000422s
- Pellegrini, N., Serafini, M., Colombi, B., Del Rio, D., Salvatore, S., Bianchi, M., & Brighenti, F., (2003). Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. The Journal of nutrition 133, 2812-2819. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/ 133.9.2812
- Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C., (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine 26, 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0891-5849(98)00315-3
- Singleton, V.L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., (1999). [14] Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent, Methods in enzymology. Elsevier, 152-178. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
- Škerget, M., Kotnik, P., Hadolin, M., Hraš, A.R., Simonič, M., & Knez, Ž., (2005). Phenols, proanthocyanidins, flavones and flavonols in some plant materials and their antioxidant activities. Food chemistry 89, 191-198. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.02.025
- Sultana, B., Anwar, F., & Przybylski, R., (2007). Antioxidant activity of phenolic components present in barks of Azadirachta indica, Terminalia arjuna, Acacia nilotica, and Eugenia jambolana Lam. trees. Food chemistry 104, 1106-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.01.019
- Vitek, E., Yüce, E. & Çakılcıoğlu, U., (2017). Gundelia glabra Miller (Compositae)–an ignored taxon. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie 119, 235-242.
- Zu, Y., Li, C., Fu, Y., & Zhao, C., (2006). Simultaneous determination of catechin, rutin, quercetin kaempferol and isorhamnetin in the extract of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves by RP-HPLC with DAD. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 41, 714-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.04.052
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bitki Biyokimyası |
| Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ (Research Article) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | EF.21.07 |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 15 Eylül 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 8 Mayıs 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 1 Ağustos 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024Cilt: 27 Sayı: Ek Sayı 1 (Suppl 1) |
Kaynak Göster
2022-JIF = 0.500
2022-JCI = 0.170
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